•• Scheinman PL, Vocanson M, Thyssen JP, Johansen JD, Nixon RL, Dear K, et al. Contact dermatitis. Nature Reviews Disease Primers. 2021;7(1). Excellent overview on pathophysiology of contact dermatitis.
Survey of Occupational Injuries and Illnesses Data [Available from: https://www.bls.gov/iif/nonfatal-injuries-and-illnesses-tables.htm#charts. Accessed 6 Dec 2022.
Skin Exposures and Effects [Available from: https://www.cdc.gov/niosh/topics/skin/. Accessed 6 Dec 2022.
Belsito DV. Occupational contact dermatitis: etiology, prevalence, and resultant impairment/disability. J Am Acad Dermatol. 2005;53(2):303–13.
Cherry N, Meyer JD, Adisesh A, Brooke R, Owen-Smith V, Swales C, et al. Surveillance of occupational skin disease: EPIDERM and OPRA. Br J Dermatol. 2000;142(6):1128–34.
Work-related ill health and occupational disease in Great Britain Available from: https://www.hse.gov.uk/statistics/causdis/dermatitis/skin.pdf. Accessed 6 Dec 2022.
Ruff SMD, Engebretsen KA, Zachariae C, Johansen JD, Silverberg JI, Egeberg A, et al. The association between atopic dermatitis and hand eczema: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Br J Dermatol. 2018;178(4):879–88.
Behroozy A, Keegel TG. Wet-work exposure: a main risk factor for occupational hand dermatitis. Saf Health Work. 2014;5(4):175–80.
Brands MJ, Loman L, Schuttelaar MLA. Exposure and work-related factors in subjects with hand eczema: data from a cross-sectional questionnaire within the Lifelines Cohort Study. Contact Dermatitis. 2022;86(6):493–506.
Ingber A, Merims S. The validity of the Mathias criteria for establishing occupational causation and aggravation of contact dermatitis. Contact Dermatitis. 2004;51(1):9–12.
Milam EC, Nassau S, Banta E, Fonacier L, Cohen DE. Occupational contact dermatitis: An Update. J Allergy Clin Immunol Pract. 2020;8(10):3283–93. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jaip.2020.08.004.
Loman L, Uter W, Armario-Hita JC, Ayala F, Balato A, Ballmer-Weber BK, et al. European Surveillance System on Contact Allergies (ESSCA): characteristics of patients patch tested and diagnosed with irritant contact dermatitis. Contact Dermatitis. 2021.
Isaksson M, Ale I, Andersen KE, Elsner P, Goh CL, Goossens A, et al. Multicenter patch testing with methylisothiazolinone and methylchloroisothiazolinone/methylisothiazolinone within the International Contact Dermatitis Research Group. Dermatitis. 2017;28(3):210–4.
Schnuch A, Schubert S, Lessmann H, Geier J, Ivdk. The methylisothiazolinone epidemic goes along with changing patients’ characteristics - after cosmetics, industrial applications are the focus. Contact Dermatitis. 2020;82(2):87–93.
Uter W, Amario-Hita JC, Balato A, Ballmer-Weber B, Bauer A, Belloni Fortina A, et al. European Surveillance System on Contact Allergies (ESSCA): results with the European baseline series, 2013/14. J Eur Acad Dermatol Venereol. 2017;31(9):1516–25.
Burnett CL, Bergfeld WF, Belsito DV, Klaassen CD, Liebler DC, Marks JG, et al. Amended safety assessment of methylchloroisothiazolinone and methylisothiazolinone as used in cosmetics. International Journal of Toxicology. 2021;40(1_suppl):20S-33S.
Thomsen AV, Schwensen JF, Bossi R, Banerjee P, Giménez-Arnau E, Lepoittevin JP, et al. Isothiazolinones are still widely used in paints purchased in five European countries: a follow-up study. Contact Dermatitis. 2018;78(4):246–53.
DeKoven JG, Warshaw EM, Zug KA, Maibach HI, Belsito DV, Sasseville D, et al. North American Contact Dermatitis Group patch test results: 2015–2016. Dermatitis. 2018;29(6):297–309.
Warshaw EM, Schlarbaum JP, DeKoven JG, Silverberg JI, Zug KA, Marks JG Jr, et al. Occupationally related nickel reactions: a retrospective analysis of the North American Contact Dermatitis Group data 1998–2016. Dermatitis. 2019;30(5):306–13.
Diepgen TL, Ofenloch RF, Bruze M, Bertuccio P, Cazzaniga S, Coenraads PJ, et al. Prevalence of contact allergy in the general population in different European regions. Br J Dermatol. 2016;174(2):319–29.
Sanchez-Pujol MJ, Docampo-Simon A, Mercader P, Gonzalez-Perez R, Hervella-Garces M, Sanz-Sanchez T, et al. Frequency of sensitization to the individual fragrances of fragrance mix I and II according to the factors included in the MOAHLFA index. Contact Dermatitis. 2021;84(6):395–406.
Kersh AE, Helms S, de la Feld S. Glove-related allergic contact dermatitis. Dermatitis. 2018;29(1):13–21.
Warburton KL, Bauer A, Chowdhury MM, Cooper S, Kręcisz B, Chomiczewska-Skóra D, et al. ESSCA results with the baseline series, 2009–2012: rubber allergens. Contact Dermatitis. 2015;73(5):305–12.
Warshaw EM, Gupta R, Silverberg JI, Maibach HI, DeKoven JG, Taylor JS, et al. Positive patch test reactions to carba mix and thiuram mix: the North American Contact Dermatitis Group experience (1994–2016). Dermatitis. 2021;32(3):173–84.
Crepy MN. Rubber: new allergens and preventive measures. Eur J Dermatol. 2016;26(6):523–30.
Crepy MN, Lecuen J, Ratour-Bigot C, Stocks J, Bensefa-Colas L. Accelerator-free gloves as alternatives in cases of glove allergy in healthcare workers. Contact Dermatitis. 2018;78(1):28–32.
Ibler KS, Jemec GB, Flyvholm MA, Diepgen TL, Jensen A, Agner T. Hand eczema: prevalence and risk factors of hand eczema in a population of 2274 healthcare workers. Contact Dermatitis. 2012;67(4):200–7.
Lan CC, Tu HP, Lee CH, Wu CS, Ko YC, Yu HS, et al. Hand dermatitis among university hospital nursing staff with or without atopic eczema: assessment of risk factors. Contact Dermatitis. 2011;64(2):73–9.
O’Neill H, Narang I, Buckley DA, Phillips TA, Bertram CG, Bleiker TO, et al. Occupational dermatoses during the COVID-19 pandemic: a multicentre audit in the UK and Ireland. Br J Dermatol. 2021;184(3):575–7.
Guertler A, Moellhoff N, Schenck TL, Hagen CS, Kendziora B, Giunta RE, et al. Onset of occupational hand eczema among healthcare workers during the SARS-CoV-2 pandemic: comparing a single surgical site with a COVID-19 intensive care unit. Contact Dermatitis. 2020;83(2):108–14.
Lan J, Song Z, Miao X, Li H, Li Y, Dong L, et al. Skin damage among health care workers managing coronavirus disease-2019. J Am Acad Dermatol. 2020;82(5):1215–6.
Blomberg M, Jørgensen CCL, Bregnhøj A, Ahrensbøll-Friis U, Zachariae C, Sommerlund M, et al. Occupational allergic contact dermatitis caused by tetrahydroxypropyl ethylenediamine in hand disinfectants. Contact Dermatitis. 2022;87(1):114–6.
Dear K, Palmer A, Nixon R. Contact allergy and allergic contact dermatitis from benzalkonium chloride in a tertiary dermatology center in Melbourne, Australia. Contact Dermatitis. 2021.
Hamnerius N, Svedman C, Bergendorff O, Bjork J, Bruze M, Engfeldt M, et al. Hand eczema and occupational contact allergies in healthcare workers with a focus on rubber additives. Contact Dermatitis. 2018;79(3):149–56.
Santarossa M, Larese FF. Improving the diagnosis of allergic contact dermatitis using patch test with gloves. Dermatitis. 2018;29(1):49–51.
•• Goodier MC, Ronkainen SD, Hylwa SA. Rubber accelerators in medical examination and surgical gloves. Dermatitis. 2018;29(2):66–76. Useful resource with list of accelerators in major glove brands.
Pinheiro V, Pestana C, Pinho A, Antunes I, Goncalo M. Occupational allergic contact dermatitis caused by antibiotics in healthcare workers - relationship with non-immediate drug eruptions. Contact Dermatitis. 2018;78(4):281–6.
Madan I, Parsons V, Ntani G, Coggon D, Wright A, English J, et al. A behaviour change package to prevent hand dermatitis in nurses working in the National Health Service: results of a cluster randomized controlled trial. Br J Dermatol. 2020;183(3):462–70.
Soltanipoor M, Kezic S, Sluiter JK, de Wit F, Bosma AL, van Asperen R, et al. Effectiveness of a skin care programme for the prevention of contact dermatitis in healthcare workers (the Healthy Hands Project): a single-centre, cluster randomized controlled trial. Contact Dermatitis. 2019;80(6):365–73.
Soltanipoor M, Rustemeyer T, Sluiter JK, Hines J, Frison F, Kezic S. Evaluating the effect of electronic monitoring and feedback on hand cream use in healthcare workers: Healthy Hands Project. Contact Dermatitis. 2019;80(1):26–34.
Graversgaard C, Agner T, Jemec GBE, Thomsen SF, Ibler KS. A long-term follow-up study of the Hand Eczema Trial (HET): a randomized clinical trial of a secondary preventive programme introduced to Danish healthcare workers. Contact Dermatitis. 2018;78(5):329–34.
Ibler KS, Jemec GB, Diepgen TL, Gluud C, Lindschou Hansen J, Winkel P, et al. Skin care education and individual counselling versus treatment as usual in healthcare workers with hand eczema: randomised clinical trial. BMJ. 2012;345: e7822.
Brans R. Hand dermatitis in nurses: is promotion of protective behaviour ineffective? Br J Dermatol. 2020;183(3):411–2.
Symanzik C, Johansen JD, Weinert P, Babic Z, Hallmann S, Havmose MS, et al. Differences between hairdressers and consumers in skin exposure to hair cosmetic products: a review. Contact Dermatitis. 2022;86(5):333–43.
Havmose MS, Kezic S, Uter W, Symanzik C, Hallmann S, Strahwald J, et al. Prevalence and incidence of hand eczema in hairdressers-a systematic review and meta-analysis of the published literature from 2000–2021. Contact Dermatitis. 2022;86(4):254–65.
Havmose M, Thyssen JP, Zachariae C, Uter W, Johansen JD. Occupational hand eczema reduces career length in hairdressers: a prospective cohort study of Danish hairdressers graduating from 1985 to 2007. Occup Environ Med. 2022;79(10):649–55.
Havmose M, Thyssen JP, Zachariae C, Johansen JD. Long-term follow-up of hand eczema in hairdressers: a prospective cohort study of Danish hairdressers graduating from 1985 to 2007. J Eur Acad Dermatol Venereol. 2022;36(2):263–70.
Franic Z, Babic Z, Milic M, Macan J. Skin characteristics of hairdresser apprentices at the beginning of vocational training. Dermatitis. 2021;32(6):437–43.
Gargano EM, Blomeke B, Gaspari AA, Goebel C. The 2-methoxymethyl modification of p-phenylenediamine reduces the sensitization risk for hairdressers to hair dyes-an occupational hand exposure-based risk assessment. Dermatitis. 2022;33(4):293–301.
Goebel C, Troutman J, Hennen J, Rothe H, Schlatter H, Gerberick GF, et al. Introduction of a methoxymethyl side chain into p-phenylenediamine attenuates its sensitizing potency and reduces the risk of allergy induction. Toxicol Appl Pharmacol. 2014;274(3):480–7.
Schuttelaar ML, Dittmar D, Burgerhof JGM, Blömeke B, Goebel C. Cross-elicitation responses to 2-methoxymethyl-p-phenylenediamine in p-phenylenediamine-allergic individuals: results from open use testing and diagnostic patch testing. Contact Dermatitis. 2018;79(5):288–94.
Blömeke B, Pot LM, Coenraads PJ, Hennen J, Kock M, Goebel C. Cross-elicitation responses to 2-methoxymethyl-p-phenylenediamine under hair dye use conditions in p-phenylenediamine-allergic individuals. Br J Dermatol. 2015;172(4):976–80.
Kock M, Coenraads P-J, Blömeke B, Goebel C. Continuous usage of a hair dye product containing 2-methoxymethyl-para-phenylenediamine by hair-dye-allergic individuals. Br J Dermatol. 2016;174(5):1042–50.
Schubert S, Brans R, Reich A, Buhl T, Skudlik C, Schroder-Kraft C, et al. Contact sensitization in metalworkers: data from the information network of departments of dermatology (IVDK), 2010–2018. Contact Dermatitis. 2020;83(6):487–96.
Reich A, Wilke A, Gediga G, Baurecht H, Rodriguez E, Jakasa I, et al. Health education decreases incidence of hand eczema in metal work apprentices: results of a controlled intervention study. Contact Dermatitis. 2020;82(6):350–60.
Brans R, Wilke A, Rodriguez E, Boraczynski N, Weidinger S, Reich A, et al. Effectiveness of secondary prevention in metalworkers with work-related skin diseases and comparison with participants of a tertiary prevention program: a prospective cohort study. Contact Dermatitis. 2020;83(6):497–506.
Andrees V, John SM, Nienhaus A, Skudlik C, Brans R, Augustin M, et al. Economic evaluation of a tertiary prevention program for occupational skin diseases in Germany. Contact Dermatitis. 2020;82(6):361–9.
Oosterhaven JAF, Verbist J, Schuttelaar MLA. Hand eczema among Dutch beekeepers - a cross-sectional study. J Dtsch Dermatol Ges. 2019;17(2):158–66.
Schubert S, Bauer A, Hillen U, Werfel T, Geier J, Brans R, et al. Occupational contact dermatitis in painters and varnishers: data from the Information Network of Departments of Dermatology (IVDK), 2000 to 2019. Contact Dermatitis. 2021;85(5):494–502.
Warshaw EM, Ruggiero JL, Atwater AR, DeKoven JG, Zug KA, Reeder MJ, et al. Occupational contact dermatitis in dental personnel: a retrospective analysis of the North American Contact Dermatitis Group Data, 2001 to 2018. Dermatitis. 2022;33(1):80–90.
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