aEmergency Medicine Unit and European Society of Hypertension Specialized Center of Excellence for Hypertension, Department of Medicine-DIMED, University of Padua, Padova, Italy

bMolecular Internal Medicine, University of Zürich, and Andreas Grüntzig Foundation, Zürich, Switzerland

cUniversity/British Heart Foundation Centre of Research Excellence, Queen's Medical Research Institute, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK

dDepartment of Clinical and Experimental Sciences, University of Brescia and Division of Medicine, Istituto Clinico Città di Brescia, Brescia, Italy

Correspondence to Professor Gian Paolo Rossi, MD, FACC, FAHA, Chair, ESH Working Group on Endothelin and Endothelial Factors, ESH Specialized Center of Excellence for Hypertension, DIMED– Hypertension Unit, University Hospital, Via Giustiniani, 2, Padova 35126, Italy. Tel: +39 049 821 2279/7821; fax: +39 049 821 7873; e-mail: [email protected]

Abbreviations: 3’UTR, 3’ untranslated region; ADMA, asymmetric dimethylarginine; Ang II, angiotensin II; Bcl2, B-cell lymphoma 2; BIC, B-cell integration cluster; CDS, coding sequence; CKD, chronic kidney disease COX cyclooxygenase; CXCR4, chemokine (C-X-C motif) receptor 4; EDCF, endothelium-derived contracting factor; EDH, endothelium-dependent hyperpolarization; EDN1, gene encoding ET-1; ERA, endothelin receptor antagonist; ESKD, end-stage kidney disease; ET-1, endothelin-1; Foxo3, forkhead box O3; GFR, glomerular filtration rate; HMOD, hypertension-mediated organ damage; HRE, hypoxia-response element; IRS1, insulin receptor substrate 1; Lat1, L-type amino acid transporter 1; miRNA, microRNA; O2.-, superoxide; OCT, optical coherence tomography; PGI2, prostacyclin; RAAS, renin-angiotensin aldosterone system; RISC, RNA induced silencing complex; SNP, sodium nitroprusside; SRF, serum response factor; TXA2, thromboxane A2; VSMC, vascular smooth muscle cell

Received 21 September, 2022

Accepted 22 September, 2022