aEuropean Hypertension Excellence Center, Bordeaux University Hospital

bINI CRCT Network

cINSERM, Unit 1034

dDepartment of Hypertension, Hôpital Européen Georges-Pompidou, Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris, Paris, France

eDivision of Cardiology, Cliniques Universitaires Saint-Luc and Pole of Cardiovascular Research, Institut de Recherche Expérimentale et Clinique, Université Catholique de Louvain, Brussels, Belgium

fDepartment of Nephrology, Hippokration Hospital, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, Thessaloniki, Greece

gParis Cardiovascular Center (PARCC), Institut de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (Inserm), Université Paris Cité, Paris, FranceNephrology department, Bordeaux University Hospital

hService de Néphrologie, Transplantation, Dialyse et Aphérèses (S.R., C.C.), Hôpital Pellegrin, CHU de Bordeaux

iInterventional Neuroradiology Department and Biological Resources Center, Rothschild Foundation Hospital, Université Paris cité et FHU Neurovasc, Paris

jDepartment of Neurology, Hopital Lariboisère, APHP Nord, inserm U1148, Paris

kCentre hospitalier national d’ophtalmologie des Quinze-Vingts, centre d’investigation clinique 1423, Institut de la Vision, IHU FOReSIGHT, Sorbonne université, Paris, France

lMethodology and biostatistics, Pau Hospital

mService de néphrologie, centre d’excellence européen en Hypertension Artérielle, CHRU de Tours, F-CRIN INI-CRCT 10, Tours, France

Correspondence to Romain Boulestreau, MD, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Bordeaux, Bordeaux, 33000, France. E-mail: [email protected]

Abbreviations: BNP, brain natriuretic peptide; BP, blood pressure; ECG, electrocardiogram; HAMA, Hypertension Arterielle Maligne; HAMA-COG, Hypertension Artérielle MAligne, atteinte COGnitive (Cognitive impairment through cerebral microangiopathy in malignant hypertension); HYP-MOD, Hypertension MultiOrganDamage; IVAMA, Interrupteurs Vasculaires de l’Atteinte de l’hypertension artérielle MAligne (vascular interrupters of malignant hypertension); LDH, lactates deshydrogenase; MHT, malignant hypertension; MRI, magnetic resonance imaging; SVD, small vessel disease

Received 27 July, 2022

Revised 20 November, 2022

Accepted 25 November, 2022