Available online 1 February 2023, 100768

Accounting for scalp's temperature might reduce the current injected in simulations.

Temperature hotspots might occur between arrays if they are spaced by less than 1 cm.

Considering the temperature in planning affects the choice of which layout to use.

The choice of the best layout is sensitive to the metric chosen to evaluate it.

Tumor Treating Fields (TTFields) is an FDA-approved technique used in the treatment of glioblastoma. It consists in applying an electric field (EF) with a frequency of 200 kHz using two pairs of transducer arrays. During treatment planning, the NovoTAL system is used to strategically place the arrays on the head in regions that maximize the EF at the tumor. Current should be injected at least 18 hours/day and induce a minimum EF of 1 V/cm at the tumor. To avoid any thermal harm to the patient, the temperature of the scalp is kept around 39.5 °C by changing the injected current. The goal of this study was to investigate how accounting for the temperature of the scalp during treatment planning might affect the choice of the best layout suggested by NovoTAL. Furthermore, we also studied the sensitivity of the results to the metric used to evaluate the layouts.

We used a realistic head model with a virtual glioblastoma in our studies. Through the NovoTAL system we obtained five realistic array layouts and we predicted the best one for our model based on the approach currently implemented in this system. We then repeated the same type of analysis, but also accounting for the temperature during planning. In both cases we ranked the layouts based on three different criteria: the LMiPD and the LAPD (local minimum and local average power densities, respectively) in the tumor and the SAR (specific absorption rate) in the head

Accounting for the temperature does not significantly affect the choice of the best layout provided that the arrays are at least 1 cm apart from each other. Otherwise, a common temperature hotspot occurs in the scalp between the closest transducers of the adjacent arrays, which limits how much current can be injected and consequently treatment effectiveness. Also, the choice of the best layout depends on the criterion used.

Accounting for the temperature might led to significant variations in the current injected. The LMiPD might be used as a first criterion to choose the best treatment layout, followed by the LAPD and then the SAR.

Finite element method

Glioblastoma

Optune

NovoTAL system

Tissue heating

Tumor treating fields

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