Sharma P, Allison JP. The future of immune checkpoint therapy. Science. 2015;348:56–61.

CAS  Google Scholar 

Sharma P, Hu-Lieskovan S, Wargo JA, Ribas A. Primary, adaptive, and acquired resistance to cancer immunotherapy. Cell. 2017;168:707–23.

CAS  Google Scholar 

Wolchok JD, Hoos A, O’Day S, Weber JS, Hamid O, Lebbé C, Maio M, Binder M, Bohnsack O, Nichol G, et al. Guidelines for the evaluation of immune therapy activity in solid tumors: immune-related response criteria. Clin Cancer Res. 2009;15:7412–20.

CAS  Google Scholar 

Borcoman E, Nandikolla A, Long G, Goel S, Le Tourneau C. patterns of response and progression to immunotherapy. Am Soc Clin Oncol Educ Book. 2018;38:169–78.

Google Scholar 

Guillerey C, Huntington ND, Smyth MJ. Targeting natural killer cells in cancer immunotherapy. Nat Immunol. 2016;17:1025–36.

CAS  Google Scholar 

Waldman AD, Fritz JM, Lenardo MJ. A guide to cancer immunotherapy: from T cell basic science to clinical practice. Nat Rev Immunol. 2020;20:651–68.

CAS  Google Scholar 

Jiang X, Dudzinski S, Beckermann KE, Young K, McKinley E, JM O, Rathmell JC, Xu J, Gore JC. MRI of tumor T cell infiltration in response to checkpoint inhibitor therapy. J Immunother Cancer. 2020. https://doi.org/10.1136/jitc-2019-000328.

Article  Google Scholar 

LaSalle T, Austin EE, Rigney G, Wehrenberg-Klee E, Nesti S, Larimer B, Mahmood U. Granzyme B PET imaging of immune-mediated tumor killing as a tool for understanding immunotherapy response. J Immunother Cancer. 2020. https://doi.org/10.1136/jitc-2019-000291.

Article  Google Scholar 

Kristensen LK, Fröhlich C, Christensen C, Melander MC, Poulsen TT, Galler GR, Lantto J, Horak ID, Kragh M, Nielsen CH, Kjaer A. CD4(+) and CD8a(+) PET imaging predicts response to novel PD-1 checkpoint inhibitor: studies of Sym021 in syngeneic mouse cancer models. Theranostics. 2019;9:8221–38.

CAS  Google Scholar 

Tavaré R, Escuin-Ordinas H, Mok S, McCracken MN, Zettlitz KA, Salazar FB, Witte ON, Ribas A, Wu AM. An Effective immuno-PET imaging method to monitor cd8-dependent responses to immunotherapy. Cancer Res. 2016;76:73–82.

Google Scholar 

Larimer BM, Wehrenberg-Klee E, Dubois F, Mehta A, Kalomeris T, Flaherty K, Boland G, Mahmood U. Granzyme B PET imaging as a predictive biomarker of immunotherapy response. Cancer Res. 2017;77:2318–27.

CAS  Google Scholar 

Gibson HM, McKnight BN, Malysa A, Dyson G, Wiesend WN, McCarthy CE, Reyes J, Wei WZ, Viola-Villegas NT. IFNγ PET imaging as a predictive tool for monitoring response to tumor immunotherapy. Cancer Res. 2018;78:5706–17.

CAS  Google Scholar 

Edwards KJ, Chang B, Babazada H, Lohith K, Park DH, Farwell MD, Sellmyer MA. Using CD69 PET imaging to monitor immunotherapy-induced immune activation. Cancer Immunol Res. 2022;10(9):1084.

CAS  Google Scholar 

Zhao H, Wang C, Yang Y, Sun Y, Wei W, Wang C, Wan L, Zhu C, Li L, Huang G, Liu J. ImmunoPET imaging of human CD8(+) T cells with novel (68)Ga-labeled nanobody companion diagnostic agents. J Nanobiotechnology. 2021;19:42.

CAS  Google Scholar 

DeNardo DG, Ruffell B. Macrophages as regulators of tumour immunity and immunotherapy. Nat Rev Immunol. 2019;19:369–82.

CAS  Google Scholar 

Peranzoni E, Lemoine J, Vimeux L, Feuillet V, Barrin S, Kantari-Mimoun C, Bercovici N, Guerin M, Biton J, Ouakrim H, et al. Macrophages impede CD8 T cells from reaching tumor cells and limit the efficacy of anti-PD-1 treatment. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 2018;115:E4041–50.

CAS  Google Scholar 

Gubin MM, Esaulova E, Ward JP, Malkova ON, Runci D, Wong P, Noguchi T, Arthur CD, Meng W, Alspach E, et al. High-dimensional analysis delineates myeloid and lymphoid compartment remodeling during successful immune-checkpoint cancer therapy. Cell. 2018;175:1443.

CAS  Google Scholar 

Qu Y, Wen J, Thomas G, Yang W, Prior W, He W, Sundar P, Wang X, Potluri S, Salek-Ardakani S. Baseline frequency of inflammatory Cxcl9-expressing tumor-associated macrophages predicts response to avelumab treatment. Cell Rep. 2020;32: 108115.

CAS  Google Scholar 

Zhu Y, Knolhoff BL, Meyer MA, Nywening TM, West BL, Luo J, Wang-Gillam A, Goedegebuure SP, Linehan DC, DeNardo DG. CSF1/CSF1R blockade reprograms tumor-infiltrating macrophages and improves response to T-cell checkpoint immunotherapy in pancreatic cancer models. Cancer Res. 2014;74:5057–69.

CAS  Google Scholar 

Sun J, Park C, Guenthner N, Gurley S, Zhang L, Lubben B, Adebayo O, Bash H, Chen Y, Maksimos M, et al. Tumor-associated macrophages in multiple myeloma: advances in biology and therapy. J Immunother Cancer. 2022;10(4):e003975.

Google Scholar 

Ruffell B, Chang-Strachan D, Chan V, Rosenbusch A, Ho CM, Pryer N, Daniel D, Hwang ES, Rugo HS, Coussens LM. Macrophage IL-10 blocks CD8+ T cell-dependent responses to chemotherapy by suppressing IL-12 expression in intratumoral dendritic cells. Cancer Cell. 2014;26:623–37.

CAS  Google Scholar 

Molon B, Ugel S, Del Pozzo F, Soldani C, Zilio S, Avella D, De Palma A, Mauri P, Monegal A, Rescigno M, et al. Chemokine nitration prevents intratumoral infiltration of antigen-specific T cells. J Exp Med. 2011;208:1949–62.

CAS  Google Scholar 

Rodriguez PC, Quiceno DG, Zabaleta J, Ortiz B, Zea AH, Piazuelo MB, Delgado A, Correa P, Brayer J, Sotomayor EM, et al. Arginase I production in the tumor microenvironment by mature myeloid cells inhibits T-cell receptor expression and antigen-specific T-cell responses. Cancer Res. 2004;64:5839–49.

CAS  Google Scholar 

Gyori D, Lim EL, Grant FM, Spensberger D, Roychoudhuri R, Shuttleworth SJ, Okkenhaug K, Stephens LR, Hawkins PT. Compensation between CSF1R+ macrophages and Foxp3+ Treg cells drives resistance to tumor immunotherapy. JCI Insight. 2018. https://doi.org/10.1172/jci.insight.120631.

Article  Google Scholar 

Choi JY, Jeong JM, Yoo BC, Kim K, Kim Y, Yang BY, Lee YS, Lee DS, Chung JK, Lee MC. Development of 68Ga-labeled mannosylated human serum albumin (MSA) as a lymph node imaging agent for positron emission tomography. Nucl Med Biol. 2011;38:371–9.

CAS  Google Scholar 

Park JB, Suh M, Park JY, Park JK, Kim YI, Kim H, Cho YS, Kang H, Kim K, Choi JH, et al. Assessment of inflammation in pulmonary artery hypertension by (68)Ga-mannosylated human serum albumin. Am J Respir Crit Care Med. 2020;201:95–106.

CAS  Google Scholar 

Lee S-P, Im H-J, Kang S, Chung S-J, Cho YS, Kang H, Park HS, Hwang D-W, Park J-B, Paeng J-C, et al. Noninvasive Imaging of myocardial inflammation in myocarditis using (68)Ga-tagged mannosylated human serum albumin positron emission tomography. Theranostics. 2017;7:413–24.

CAS  Google Scholar 

Park JY, Song MG, Kim WH, Kim KW, Lodhi NA, Choi JY, Kim YJ, Kim JY, Chung H, Oh C, et al. Versatile and finely tuned albumin nanoplatform based on click chemistry. Theranostics. 2019;9:3398–409.

CAS  Google Scholar 

Park CR, Jo JH, Song MG, Park JY, Kim YH, Youn H, Paek SH, Chung JK, Jeong JM, Lee YS, Kang KW. Secreted protein acidic and rich in cysteine mediates active targeting of human serum albumin in U87MG xenograft mouse models. Theranostics. 2019;9:7447–57.

CAS  Google Scholar 

Boktor RR, Walker G, Stacey R, Gledhill S, Pitman AG. Reference range for intrapatient variability in blood-pool and liver SUV for 18F-FDG PET. J Nucl Med. 2013;54:677–82.

CAS  Google Scholar 

Aide N, De Pontdeville M, Lopci E. Evaluating response to immunotherapy with (18)F-FDG PET/CT: where do we stand? Eur J Nucl Med Mol Imaging. 2020;47:1019–21.

Google Scholar 

Tokunaga R, Zhang W, Naseem M, Puccini A, Berger MD, Soni S, McSkane M, Baba H, Lenz HJ. CXCL9, CXCL10, CXCL11/CXCR3 axis for immune activation—a target for novel cancer therapy. Cancer Treat Rev. 2018;63:40–7.

CAS  Google Scholar 

House IG, Savas P, Lai J, Chen AXY, Oliver AJ, Teo ZL, Todd KL, Henderson MA, Giuffrida L, Petley EV, et al. Macrophage-derived CXCL9 and CXCL10 are required for antitumor immune responses following immune checkpoint blockade. Clin Cancer Res. 2020;26:487–504.

CAS  Google Scholar 

Klug F, Prakash H, Huber PE, Seibel T, Bender N, Halama N, Pfirschke C, Voss RH, Timke C, Umansky L, et al. Low-dose irradiation programs macrophage differentiation to an iNOS(+)/M1 phenotype that orchestrates effective T cell immunotherapy. Cancer Cell. 2013;24:589–602.

CAS  Google Scholar 

Pascual-García M, Bonfill-Teixidor E, Planas-Rigol E, Rubio-Perez C, Iurlaro R, Arias A, Cuartas I, Sala-Hojman A, Escudero L, Martínez-Ricarte F, et al. LIF regulates CXCL9 in tumor-associated macrophages and prevents CD8(+) T cell tumor-infiltration impairing anti-PD1 therapy. Nat Commun. 2019;10:2416.

Google Scholar 

Rashidian M, LaFleur MW, Verschoor VL, Dongre A, Zhang Y, Nguyen TH, Kolifrath S, Aref AR, Lau CJ, Paweletz CP, et al. Immuno-PET identifies the myeloid compartment as a key contributor to the outcome of the antitumor response under PD-1 blockade. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA. 2019;116:16971–80.

CAS  Google Scholar 

Theivanthiran B, Evans KS, DeVito NC, Plebanek M, Sturdivant M, Wachsmuth LP, Salama AK, Kang Y, Hsu D, Balko JM, et al. A tumor-intrinsic PD-L1/NLRP3 inflammasome signaling pathway drives resistance to anti-PD-1 immunotherapy. J Clin Invest. 2020;130:2570–86.

CAS  Google Scholar 

Bruni D, Angell HK, Galon J. The immune contexture and Immunoscore in cancer prognosis and therapeutic efficacy. Nat Rev Cancer. 2020;20:662–80.

CAS  Google Scholar 

Tavaré R, Danton M, Giurleo JT, Makonnen S, Hickey C, Arnold TC, Kelly MP, Fredriksson F, Bruestle K, Hermann A, et al. Immuno-PET monitoring of lymphocytes using the CD8-specific antibody REGN5054. Cancer Immunol Res. 2022. https://doi.org/10.1158/2326-6066.CIR-21-0405.

Article  Google Scholar 

Murray PJ, Allen JE, Biswas SK, Fisher EA, Gilroy DW, Goerdt S, Gordon S, Hamilton JA, Ivashkiv LB, Lawrence T, et al. Macrophage activation and polarization: nomenclature and experimental guidelines. Immunity. 2014;41:14–20.

CAS  Google Scholar 

Mosser DM, Edwards JP. Exploring the full spectrum of macrophage activation. Nat Rev Immunol. 2008;8:958–69.

CAS  Google Scholar 

Li Y, Wu H, Ji B, Qian W, Xia S, Wang L, Xu Y, Chen J, Yang L, Mao H. Targeted imaging of cd206 expressing tumor-associated M2-like macrophages using mannose-conjugated antibiofouling magnetic iron oxide nanoparticles. ACS Appl Bio Mater. 2020;3:4335–47.

CAS  Google Scholar 

Zhou X, Liu Y, Hu M, Wang M, Liu X, Huang L. Relaxin gene delivery modulates macrophages to resolve cancer fibrosis and synergizes with immune checkpoint blockade therapy. Sci Adv. 2021;7(8):eabb596.

Google Scholar 

Jaynes JM, Sable R, Ronzetti M, Bautista W, Knotts Z, Abisoye-Ogunniyan A, Li D, Calvo R, Dashnyam M, Singh A, et al. Mannose receptor (CD206) activation in tumor-associated macrophages enhances adaptive and innate antitumor immune responses. Sci Transl Med. 2020. https://doi.org/10.1126/scitranslmed.aax6337.

Article  Google Scholar 

Arlauckas SP, Garren SB, Garris CS, Kohler RH, Oh J, Pittet MJ, Weissleder R. Arg1 expression defines immunosuppressive subsets of tumor-associated macrophages. Theranostics. 2018;8:5842–54.

CAS  Google Scholar 

Huang Y-K, Wang M, Sun Y, Di Costanzo N, Mitchell C, Achuthan A, Hamilton JA, Busuttil RA, Boussioutas A. Macrophage spatial heterogeneity in gastric cancer defined by multiplex immunohistochemistry. Nat Commun. 2019;10:3928.

Google Scholar 

Sankar K, Ye JC, Li Z, Zheng L, Song W, Hu-Lieskovan S. The role of biomarkers in personalized immunotherapy. Biomark Res. 2022;10:32.

Google Scholar 

Wang DR, Wu XL, Sun YL. Therapeutic targets and biomarkers of tumor immunotherapy: response versus non-response. Signal Transduct Target Ther. 2022;7:331.

CAS  Google Scholar