Gabbe S. Obstetrics: Normal and problem pregnancies. Vol Sixth Edition. Philadelphia, PA: Elsevier/Saunders; 2012.

Clapp JF 3rd, Seaward BL, Sleamaker RH, Hiser J. Maternal physiologic adaptations to early human pregnancy. Am J Obstet Gynecol. 1988;159:1456–60.

Article  Google Scholar 

Macdonald-Wallis C, Lawlor DA, Fraser A, May M, Nelson SM, Tilling K. Blood pressure change in normotensive, gestational hypertensive, preeclamptic, and essential hypertensive pregnancies. Hypertension 2012;59:1241–8.

Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

Steer PJ, Little MP, Kold-Jensen T, Chapple J, Elliott P. Maternal blood pressure in pregnancy, birth weight, and perinatal mortality in first births: prospective study. BMJ 2004;329:1312.

Article  Google Scholar 

Orbach H, Matok I, Gorodischer R, Sheiner E, Daniel S, Wiznitzer A, et al. Hypertension and antihypertensive drugs in pregnancy and perinatal outcomes. Am J Obstet Gynecol. 2013;208:301.e301–306.

Article  Google Scholar 

Brosens I, Pijnenborg R, Vercruysse L, Romero R. The “Great Obstetrical Syndromes” are associated with disorders of deep placentation. Am J Obstet Gynecol. 2011;204:193–201.

Article  Google Scholar 

Parks WT. Placental hypoxia: The lesions of maternal malperfusion. Semin Perinatol. 2015;39:9–19.

Article  Google Scholar 

Lane-Cordova AD, Khan SS, Grobman WA, Greenland P, Shah SJ. Long-term cardiovascular risks associated with adverse pregnancy outcomes: JACC Review Topic of the Week. J Am Coll Cardiol. 2019;73:2106–16.

Article  Google Scholar 

Giorgione V, Ridder A, Kalafat E, Khalil A, Thilaganathan B. Incidence of postpartum hypertension within 2 years of a pregnancy complicated by pre-eclampsia: a systematic review and meta-analysis. BJOG: Int J Obstet Gynaecol. 2021;128:495–503.

Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

Haug EB, Horn J, Markovitz AR, Fraser A, Macdonald-Wallis C, Tilling K, et al. The impact of parity on life course blood pressure trajectories: the HUNT study in Norway. Eur J Epidemiol. 2018;33:751–61.

Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

Gunderson EP, Chiang V, Lewis CE, Catov J, Quesenberry CP, Sidney S, et al. Long-term blood pressure changes measured from before to after pregnancy relative to nonparous women. Obstet Gynecol. 2008;112:1294–302.

Article  Google Scholar 

Clapp JF 3rd, Capeless E. Cardiovascular function before, during, and after the first and subsequent pregnancies. Am J Cardiol. 1997;80:1469–73.

Article  Google Scholar 

Morris EA, Hale SA, Badger GJ, Magness RR, Bernstein IM. Pregnancy induces persistent changes in vascular compliance in primiparous women. Am J Obstet Gynecol. 2015;212:633.e631–636.

Article  Google Scholar 

Teufel. The effect of bearing and rearing a child on blood pressure: A nationally representative instrumental variable analysis of 444 611 mothers in India. Int J Epidemiol. 2021;50:1671–83.

Rich-Edwards JW, Fraser A, Lawlor DA, Catov JM. Pregnancy characteristics and women’s future cardiovascular health: an underused opportunity to improve women’s health? Epidemiol Rev. 2014;36:57–70.

Article  Google Scholar 

Grandi SM, Filion KB, Yoon S, Ayele HT, Doyle CM, Hutcheon JA, et al. Cardiovascular disease-related morbidity and mortality in women with a history of pregnancy complications. Circulation 2019;139:1069–79.

Article  Google Scholar 

Stuart JJ, Tanz LJ, Rimm EB, Spiegelman D, Missmer SA, Mukamal KJ, et al. Cardiovascular risk factors mediate the long-term maternal risk associated with hypertensive disorders of pregnancy. J Am Coll Cardiol. 2022;79:1901–13.

Article  Google Scholar 

Piepoli MF, Hoes AW, Agewall S, Albus C, Brotons C, Catapano AL, et al. 2016 European Guidelines on cardiovascular disease prevention in clinical practice: The Sixth Joint Task Force of the European Society of Cardiology and Other Societies on Cardiovascular Disease Prevention in Clinical Practice (constituted by representatives of 10 societies and by invited experts) Developed with the special contribution of the European Association for Cardiovascular Prevention & Rehabilitation (EACPR). Eur Heart J 2016;37:2315–81.

Article  Google Scholar 

Mosca L, Benjamin EJ, Berra K, Bezanson JL, Dolor RJ, Lloyd-Jones DM, et al. Effectiveness-based guidelines for the prevention of cardiovascular disease in women—2011 update. Circulation 2011;123:1243–62.

Article  Google Scholar 

Brown HL, Warner JJ, Gianos E, Gulati M, Hill AJ, Hollier LM, et al. Promoting risk identification and reduction of cardiovascular disease in women through collaboration with obstetricians and gynecologists: a presidential advisory From the American Heart Association and the American College of Obstetricians and Gynecologists. Circulation 2018;137:e843–e852.

Article  Google Scholar 

Haug EB, Horn J, Markovitz AR, Fraser A, Klykken B, Dalen H, et al. Association of conventional cardiovascular risk factors with cardiovascular disease after hypertensive disorders of pregnancy: analysis of the nord-trøndelag health study. JAMA Cardiol. 2019;4:628.

Article  Google Scholar 

Leon LJ, McCarthy FP, Direk K, Gonzalez-Izquierdo A, Prieto-Merino D, Casas JP, et al. Preeclampsia and cardiovascular disease in a large UK Pregnancy Cohort of Linked Electronic Health Records. Circulation 2019;140:1050–60.

Article  Google Scholar 

Honigberg MC, Zekavat SM, Aragam K, Klarin D, Bhatt DL, Scott NS, et al. Long-term cardiovascular risk in women with hypertension during pregnancy. J Am Coll Cardiol. 2019;74:2743–54.

Article  Google Scholar 

Melchiorre K, Giorgione V, Thilaganathan B. The placenta and preeclampsia: villain or victim? Am J Obstet Gynecol. 2022;226:S954–s962.

Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

Haug EB, Horn J, Markovitz AR, Fraser A, Vatten LJ, Macdonald-Wallis C, et al. Life course trajectories of cardiovascular risk factors in women with and without hypertensive disorders in first pregnancy: The HUNT study in Norway. J Am Heart Assoc. 2018;7:e009250.

Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

Foo FL, Mahendru AA, Masini G, Fraser A, Cacciatore S, MacIntyre DA, et al. Association between prepregnancy cardiovascular function and subsequent preeclampsia or fetal growth restriction. Hypertension 2018;72:442–50.

Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

Horn J, Haug EB, Markovitz AR, Fraser A, Vatten LJ, Romundstad PR, et al. Life course trajectories of maternal cardiovascular risk factors according to offspring birthweight: the HUNT Study. Sci Rep. 2020;10:10436.

Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

Redman CW, Staff AC. Preeclampsia, biomarkers, syncytiotrophoblast stress, and placental capacity. Am J Obstet Gynecol. 2015;213:S9.e1. 4 SupplS9-11

Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

Khong TY, Mooney EE, Ariel I, Balmus NCM, Boyd TK, Brundler MA, et al. Sampling and definitions of placental lesions: Amsterdam Placental Workshop Group Consensus Statement. Arch Pathol Lab Med. 2016;140:698–713.

Article  Google Scholar 

Staff AC, Dechend R, Pijnenborg R. Learning from the placenta. Hypertension 2010;56:1026–34.

Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

Staff AC, Johnsen GM, Dechend R, Redman CWG. Preeclampsia and uteroplacental acute atherosis: immune and inflammatory factors. J Reprod Immunol. 2014;101-102:120–6.

Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

Das S, Halushka MK. Extracellular vesicle microRNA transfer in cardiovascular disease. Cardiovasc Pathol. 2015;24:199–206.

Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

Gonzalez-Quintero VH, Smarkusky LP, Jimenez JJ, Mauro LM, Jy W, Hortsman LL, et al. Elevated plasma endothelial microparticles: Preeclampsia versus gestational hypertension. Am J Obstet Gynecol. 2004;191:1418–24.

Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

Hecht JL, Zsengeller ZK, Spiel M, Karumanchi SA, Rosen S. Revisiting decidual vasculopathy. Placenta 2016;42:37–43.

Article  Google Scholar 

Hauspurg A, Redman EK, Assibey-Mensah V, Tony Parks W, Jeyabalan A, Roberts JM, et al. Placental findings in non-hypertensive term pregnancies and association with future adverse pregnancy outcomes: a cohort study. Placenta 2018;74:14–19.

Article  Google Scholar 

Houben AJ, de Leeuw PW, Peeters LL. Configuration of the microcirculation in pre-eclampsia: possible role of the venular system. J Hypertens. 2007;25:1665–70.

Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

Cornette J, Herzog E, Dubekot JJ, Tibboel D, Buijs EA, Steegers EA. Microcirculation analysed by sidestream dark field imaging (SDF) technique in women with severe pre-eclampsia. Reprod Sci. 2011;18:197.

Google Scholar 

Hasan KM, Manyonda IT, Ng FS, Singer DR, Antonios TF. Skin capillary density changes in normal pregnancy and pre-eclampsia. J Hypertens. 2002;20:2439–43.

Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

Gandley RE, Bregand-White J, Brands J, Tang G, Gorman L, James, et al. Sublingual microvascular density and glycocalyx barrier dynamics, during and after normal and preeclamptic pregnancy. Pregnancy Hypertens. 2018;13:S111.

Article  Google Scholar 

Weissgerber TL, Garcia-Valencia O, Milic NM, Codsi E, Cubro H, Nath MC, et al. Early onset preeclampsia is associated with glycocalyx degradation and reduced microvascular perfusion. J Am Heart Assoc. 2019;8:e010647.

Article  Google Scholar 

Brands J, Hauspurg A, Bregand-White J, Gorman L, Jeyabalan A, Roberts JM, et al. The microvascular endothelial glycocalyx: impaired barrier function in preeclampsia with small gestational age neonates. Pregnancy Hypertens. 2018;13:S99.

Google Scholar 

Brands J, Jeyabalan A, Hauspurg A, McGonigal SC, Gandley RE, Hubel CA. Reduced barrier function of the microvascular endothelial glycocalyx in women with a history of preeclampsia, one year after delivery. Pregnancy Hypertens. 2018;13:S99–S100.

Google Scholar 

Ciloglu E, Okcu NT, Dogan N. Optical coherence tomography angiography findings in preeclampsia. Eye. 2019;33:1946–51.

Article  Google Scholar 

Catov JM, Muldoon MF, Gandley RE, Brands J, Hauspurg A, Hubel CA, et al. Maternal vascular lesions in the placenta predict vascular impairments a decade after delivery. Hypertension 2022;79:424–34.

Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

Catov J, Muldoon M, Reis S, Ness R, Nguyen L, Yamal JM, et al. Preterm birth with placental evidence of malperfusion is associated with cardiovascular risk factors after pregnancy: a prospective cohort study. BJOG: Int J Obstet Gynaecol. 2018;125:1009–17.

Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

Stevens DU, Al-Nasiry S, Fajta MM, Bulten J, van Dijk AP, van der Vlugt MJ, et al. Cardiovascular and thrombogenic risk of decidual vasculopathy in preeclampsia. Am J Obstet Gynecol. 2014;210:545.e541–545.e546.

Article  Google Scholar 

Holzman CB, Senagore P, Xu J, Dunietz GL, Strutz KL, Tian Y, et al. Maternal risk of hypertension 7–15 years after pregnancy: clues from the placenta. Bjog 2020;128:827–36.

Article  Google Scholar 

Magee LA, Nicolaides KH, von Dadelszen P. Preeclampsia. N. Engl J Med. 2022;386:1817–32.