Available online 25 January 2023

Author links open overlay panelABSTRACT

Herein, silver and zinc oxide Nanoparticles (NPs) were synthesized by using W. coagulant fruit extract as reducing agent and capping agent. The green synthesized NP with distinct properties were used for novel application against fungal and bacterial pathogen of honey bee (A. mellifera). The UV-spectroscopy confirms the synthesis of silver and zinc oxide NPs at 420 nm and 350 nm respectively. Further, XRD evaluated the monoclinic structure of Ag NPs while ZnO NPs showed wurtzite hexagonalcrystlized structure. Resistant honey bee pathogens such Paenibacilluslarvae, Melissococcus plutonius and Ascosphaera apis were isolated, identified and cultured in vitro to assess the antimicrobial potentials of Ag and ZnO NPs. Additionally, different biomolecules provide access to achieve maximum and stable Ag and ZnO NPs. It was also observed that with increasing the concentration of zinc oxide NPs and sliver NPs, zone of inhibition was also increased. Thus, present findings show that plant extracts can be a useful natural resource to prepare functional nonmaterial for targeted applications especially in the field of apicultural research.

Section snippetsINTRODUCTION

Nanobiotechnology is an emerging discipline in food and agriculture (Jain 2019) with wide range of application in the form of nano pesticides (Abd El-Fattah et al. 2021), nano drug delivery system via nanocapsulation (Gutnova et al. 2021). Nanotechnology has brought revolutionary changes the face of agriculture products by using nanosize devices (Mo et al. 2020) (Mohiuddin et al. 2020) that are incorporated into the plants to raise the which quantitative and qualitative products their

Chemicals

Silver nitrate AgNO3 with purity level ≥ 99.0%; CAS Number: 7761-88-8; Zinc acetate, Zn(CH3COO)2 · 2H2O 99.99% trace metals basis; CAS Number: 557-34-6, dextrose, agar, Peptone from soybean, enzymatic digest for biotechnological purposes, Crystal violet, All chemical were Purchased from Sigma-Aldrich with 99.99 purity and high quality. W. coagulans seeds were purchased from local market. Ethanol, water, Petri plates etc.

Sample collection

Five honey bee’s farms located in surrounding of district Kohat, Khyber

RESULTS AND DISCUSSION

In our previous work, pathogenic bacterial isolates were identified and confirmed on 16 S ribosomal DNA sequencing(Anjum et al. 2021). There are many pathogens in honey bee which causing infections having different shapes and had symptoms of symptoms of American foulbrood (AFB) and European foulbrood (EFB)(Masry et al. 2021a). In current work, silver and zinc oxide nanoparticles were synthesized in vitro with the help of Withania fruit extract. These prepared NPs were characterized with the help

CONCLUSION

In summary, Honey bee bacterial and fungal pathogens were isolated, identified, named as Paenibacillus larvae, Melissococcus plutonius and Ascosphaera apis and culture via Pure culture, streaking method and diluted method. We green synthesized ZnO and silver NPs using W. coagulans fruit extract and were well characterized. ZnO and silver NPs provide significant results with 76% and 74% respectively. The study provided with diverse range of inhibition with different microbial culture that

Ethics approval

There is no need of any ethical approval for this work.

CRediT authorship contribution statement

Riaz Hussain: Experimental work in the vitro and field, writing manuscript. Murtaza Hasan: conceptualization, supervision, Khalid Javed Iqbal: formal analysis-supporting, writing-original draft-supporting. Ayesha Zafar: data: data interpretation, experimental work, statistical analysis. Tuba Tariq: Experimental work, writing, data interpretation. M Saqib Saif: data curation-supporting, formal analysis-supporting. Shahbaz Gul Hassan: conceptualization-lead, funding acquisition-equal,

Declaration of Competing Interest

The authors declare that they have no known competing financial interests or personal relationships that could have appeared to influence the work reported in this paper.

Acknowledgments

The authors would like to acknowledge, Kohat University of Science and Technology, Pakistan. The Islamia University Bahawalpur, Pakistan, National Research Program for University (NRPU) for Higher Education Commission, Pakistan (Grant ID: 9458) for providing the funds. And also acknowledge Zhongkai University of Agriculture and Engineering, Guangzhou China (510225) for providing SEM facilities.

Consent to participate

Not applicable.

Competing interests

All the authors in the manuscript declare for no competing interests

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