Short-term flaxseed oil, rich in omega 3, protects mice against metabolic damage caused by high-fat diet, but not inflammation.

Elsevier

Available online 25 January 2023, 109270

The Journal of Nutritional BiochemistryAuthor links open overlay panelAbstract

It is known that long-term high-fat diet (HF) feeding drastically affects the adipose tissue, contributing to metabolic disorders. Recently, short-term HF consumption was shown to affect different neuronal signaling pathways. Thus, we aimed to evaluate the inflammatory effects of a short-term HF and whether a diet containing ω3 fats from flaxseed oil (FS) has protective effects. Mice were divided into 3 groups for 3 days, according to their diets: Control group (CT), HF, or FS for 3 days. Lipid profiles were assessed through mass spectrometry and inflammatory markers by RT–qPCR and Western blotting. After short-term HF, mice increased food intake, body weight, adiposity, and fasting glucose. Increased mRNA content of Ccl2 and Tnf was demonstrated in the HF compared to CT in mesenteric adipose tissue. In the liver, TNFα protein was higher in the HF group than in CT, followed by a decreased polyunsaturated fatty acids tissue incorporation in HF. On the other hand, the consumption of FS reduced food intake and fasting glucose, as well as increased ω3 incorporation in MAT and the liver. However, short-term FS was insufficient to control the early inflammation triggered by HF in MAT and the liver. These data demonstrated that a 3-days HF diet is enough to damage glucose homeostasis and trigger inflammation. In contrast, short-term FS protects against increased food intake and fasting glucose but not inflammation in mice.

Section snippetsBackground

Nutrients can change physiological and molecular parameters in both human and experimental models since their first consumption (acute) or after a cumulative intake (chronic) [1,2]. The consumption of diets rich in saturated fatty acids is an essential trigger for developing obesity and its comorbidities, such as diabetes type 2, cardiovascular diseases, and nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) [3]. Nevertheless, the development of the food industry increased fat consumption because it is a

Experimental animals

Four-week-old male C57BL/6J mice were acquired from the Multidisciplinary Center for Biological Investigation (CEMIB) of the University of Campinas (UNICAMP). The mice were allocated to individual cages (22 ± 1°C) with free access to food and water. After 3 days of experimental diet consumption and 8 h of fasting (Figure 1), mice were anesthetized with an intraperitoneal injection of ketamine (100 mg/kg) and xylazine (5 mg/kg). After that, the mice lost their reflections completely and were

Flaxseed oil protects mice against high food intake but not adipose tissue hypertrophy

Omega-3 has been widely described as a fatty acid with anti-inflammatory characteristics. In contrast, HF rich in saturated fatty acids has been extensively studied for its role in chronic inflammatory metabolic diseases such as obesity and type 2 diabetes [22,28]. We exposed the animals to the experimental diets (CT, HF, and FS) for 3 days to confirm their roles in short-term consumption. We found that the 1st day of HF and FS feeding did not change the food consumption in grams compared to CT

Discussion

The consumption of a high-fat diet is a crucial trigger for activating inflammatory signaling and contributes to obesity and coupled metabolic disturbances [8]. On the other hand, ω3 fatty acid has been shown to have anti-inflammatory effects in several tissues and conditions [25,26,38]. Therefore, we verified whether short-term FS diet consumption might attenuate inflammation in the mesenteric adipose tissue and liver.

Short-term HF feeding has been shown to cause disturbances in areas of the

Conclusion

Altogether, our results suggest that short-term HF feeding increased the inflammatory responses in the mesenteric adipose tissue and liver. On the other hand, the flaxseed diet short-term feed improved the food intake behavior, insulin and glucose homeostasis, and profoundly changed the fatty acid profiles in the tissues. However, the FS diet could not decrease the inflammation in the MAT and liver. Therefore, further studies are needed to understand the time-course response of ω3 fatty acids

Acknowledgments

This study was financially supported by The São Paulo Research Foundation (FAPESP - grants 2019/13168-3 and 2019/13210-0). The authors are grateful to the Obesity and Comorbidities Research Center - OCRC.

Author Contributions

S.C.B.R. N, R.C. G, and G.K. K were responsible for tissue extraction and physiological analysis. S.C.B.R. N, R.C. G, G.K. K, R.F. V, T.R., and V.R. M were responsible for western blotting experiments. S.C.B.R. N and F.M. S were responsible for the RT-qPCR. S.C.B.R. N and D.E.C. were responsible for the histology experiments. S.C.B.R. N, C.O.R., M.R. S, and D.E.C. were responsible for mass spectrometry gas chromatography data. S.C.B.R. N, R.C. G, G.K. K, R.F. V, V.R. M, C.O. R, M.R. S, and T.

References (58)J.-C. Moubarac et al.Food Classification Systems Based on Food Processing: Significance and Implications for Policies and Actions: A Systematic Literature Review and Assessment

Curr. Obes. Rep.

(2014)

C.A. MonteiroNutrition and health. The issue is not food, nor nutrients, so much as processing

Public Health Nutr

(2009)

C.A. Monteiro et al.We should eat freshly cooked meals

BMJ

(2018)

M.F. Gregor et al.Inflammatory mechanisms in obesity

Annu. Rev. Immunol.

(2011)

G.S. HotamisligilInflammation, metaflammation and immunometabolic disorders

Nature

(2017)

A. Coope et al.Mechanisms in endocrinology metabolic and inflammatory pathways on the pathogenesis of type 2 diabetes

Eur. J. Endocrinol.

(2016)

E.P. Araujo et al.Mechanisms in endocrinology: Hypothalamic inflammation and nutrition

Eur. J. Endocrinol.

(2016)

M. Roden et al.The integrative biology of type 2 diabetes

Nature

(2019)

S.C.B.R. Nakandakari et al.Short-term high-fat diet modulates several inflammatory, ER stress, and apoptosis markers in the hippocampus of young mice

Brain. Behav. Immun.

(2019)

S.M. Reilly et al.Adapting to obesity with adipose tissue inflammation

Nat. Rev. Endocrinol

(2017)

D. MathisImmunological goings-on in visceral adipose tissue

Cell Metab

(2013)

E.T. Chouchani et al.Metabolic adaptation and maladaptation in adipose tissue

Nat. Metab.

(2019)

H. Li et al.Intestinal, adipose, and liver inflammation in diet-induced obese mice

Metabolism

(2008)

S. Wueest et al.Inverse regulation of basal lipolysis in perigonadal and mesenteric fat depots in mice

Am. J. Physiol. - Endocrinol. Metab.

(2012)

S. Wueest et al.Mesenteric fat lipolysis mediates obesity-associated hepatic steatosis and insulin resistance

Diabetes

(2016)

Z. Wu et al.Mesenteric adipose tissue contributes to intestinal barrier integrity and protects against nonalcoholic fatty liver disease in mice

Am. J. Physiol. - Gastrointest. Liver Physiol.

(2018)

Z. Wu et al.Mesenteric adipose tissue B lymphocytes promote local and hepatic inflammation in non-alcoholic fatty liver disease mice

J. Cell. Mol. Med.

(2019)

A.P. SimopoulosAn increase in the Omega-6/Omega-3 fatty acid ratio increases the risk for obesity

Nutrients

(2016)

D.E. Cintra et al.Unsaturated Fatty Acids Revert Diet-Induced Hypothalamic Inflammation in Obesity

PLoS One

(2012)

View full text

© 2023 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.

留言 (0)

沒有登入
gif