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Aim Bayley Scales of Infant and Toddler Development (Bayley-III) determines scaled scores and converts these into composite scores. It was shown that applying the German and the U.S. manual leads to different results. This study aims to systematically analyze the differences between the U.S. and German Bayley-III version and to develop conversion equations.
Method This simulation study generated a dataset of pairs of U.S. and German Bayley-III composite scores (cognitive: n = 4,416, language: n = 240,000, motor: n = 314,000) by converting the same number of achievable tasks for 48 age groups. Bland–Altman plot and regression analyses were performed to develop conversion equations for all age groups.
Results German and US Bayley-III scores demonstrate distinct slope and interception for cognitive, language, and motor composite scores. Lower developmental performance leads to higher composite scores with U.S. norms compared with German norms (up to 15 points). These differences varied between age groups. With newly developed conversion equations, the results can be converted (R 2 > 0.98).
Interpretation This study confirms systematic differences between U.S. and German Bayley test results due to different reference cohorts. Our data consider the full age range and add conversion equations. These findings need to be acknowledged when comparing Bayley Scores internationally.
Keywords Bayley - children - comparison - neurodevelopment*This study was achieved in collaboration with GTC consortium: Niels Rochow[1] [6] [7], Pauline Kosmann[1], Hon Yiu So[4], Markus Rochow[3], Erin Landau-Crangle[8], Dirk A. Wackernagel[9], Carmel T. Collins[10], Rudolf Ascherl[2], Margarita Thanhäuser[5], Zahra Khan[11], Daniel Moya[12], Dimitrios Konstantelos[13], Wolfgang, Goepel[14], Christoph Haertel[15], Mandy B. Belfort[16], Mats Blennow[9], Maria Makrides[10], Berndt Urlesberger[17], Fernando Moya[12], Mario Ruediger[13], Annett Blaeser[2], Nadja Haiden[5], Christoph Fusch[1] [6]
1Department of Pediatrics, Paracelsus Medical University, General Hospital, Nuremberg, Germany
2Hospital for Children and Adolescents, University of Leipzig, Leipzig, Germany
3Carl-Thiem-Hospital, Cottbus, Germany
4Department of Mathematics and Statistics, Oakland University, Rochester, MI, USA
5Medical University Vienna, Vienna, Austria.
6Department of Pediatrics, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada
7Department of Pediatrics, Rostock University Medical Center, Rostock, Germany
8The Hospital for Sick Children, University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada
9Karolinska Institutet and University Hospital, Stockholm, Sweden
10South Australian Health & Medical Research Institute, Adelaide, Australia
11University of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Lahore, Pakistan
12Betty Cameron Children's Hospital, Wilmington, USA
13Department for Neonatology and Pediatric Intensive Care Medicine, Klinik und Poliklinik für Kinderheilkunde, Universitätsklinikum Dresden an der TU Dresden, Germany
14University of Luebeck, Luebeck, Germany
15University Hospital Wuerzburg, Wuerzburg, Germany
16Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, USA
17Medical University of Graz, Graz, Austria
Received: 27 June 2022
Accepted: 28 November 2022
Accepted Manuscript online:
28 November 2022
Article published online:
23 January 2023
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