Crowson, C. S. et al. Impact of risk factors associated with cardiovascular outcomes in patients with rheumatoid arthritis. Ann. Rheum. Dis. 77, 48–54 (2018).

Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

Safiri, S. et al. Global, regional and national burden of rheumatoid arthritis 1990–2017: a systematic analysis of the Global Burden of Disease study 2017. Ann. Rheum. Dis. 78, 1463–1471 (2019).

Article  Google Scholar 

Fu, J. et al. Shared epitope-aryl hydrocarbon receptor crosstalk underlies the mechanism of gene-environment interaction in autoimmune arthritis. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 115, 4755–4760 (2018).

Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

Ospelt, C. et al. Epigenetics in the pathogenesis of RA. Semin Immunopathol. 39, 409–419 (2017).

Article  Google Scholar 

McInnes, I. B. & Schett, G. The pathogenesis of rheumatoid arthritis. N. Engl. J. Med. 365, 2205–2219 (2011).

Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

Scott, D. L. et al. Rheumatoid arthritis. Lancet 376, 1094–1108 (2010).

Article  Google Scholar 

McInnes, I. B. & Schett, G. Pathogenetic insights from the treatment of rheumatoid arthritis. Lancet 389, 2328–2337 (2017).

Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

Lee, R. C. et al. The C. elegans heterochronic gene lin-4 encodes small RNAs with antisense complementarity to lin-14. Cell 75, 843–854 (1993).

Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

Bushati, N. & Cohen, S. M. microRNA functions. Annu Rev. Cell Dev. Biol. 23, 175–205 (2007).

Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

Lee, Y. S. & Dutta, A. MicroRNAs in cancer. Annu Rev. Pathol. 4, 199–227 (2009).

Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

Zhou, S. S. et al. miRNAS in cardiovascular diseases: potential biomarkers, therapeutic targets and challenges. Acta Pharm. Sin. 39, 1073–1084 (2018).

Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

Ali, S. A. et al. The non-coding RNA interactome in joint health and disease. Nat. Rev. Rheumatol. 17, 692–705 (2021).

Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

Dakin, S. G. et al. Pathogenic stromal cells as therapeutic targets in joint inflammation. Nat. Rev. Rheumatol. 14, 714–726 (2018).

Article  Google Scholar 

Aletaha, D. & Smolen, J. S. Diagnosis and management of rheumatoid arthritis: a review. JAMA 320, 1360–1372 (2018).

Article  Google Scholar 

Bottini, N. & Firestein, G. S. Duality of fibroblast-like synoviocytes in RA: passive responders and imprinted aggressors. Nat. Rev. Rheumatol. 9, 24–33 (2012).

Article  Google Scholar 

Mousavi, M. J. et al. Transformation of fibroblast-like synoviocytes in rheumatoid arthritis; from a friend to foe. Auto. Immun. Highlights 12, 3 (2021).

Article  Google Scholar 

Firestein, G. S. et al. Somatic mutations in the p53 tumor suppressor gene in rheumatoid arthritis synovium. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 94, 10895–10900 (1997).

Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

Tu, J. et al. A Tale of Two Immune Cells in Rheumatoid Arthritis: The Crosstalk Between Macrophages and T Cells in the Synovium. Front. Immunol. 12, 655477 (2021).

Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

Kondo, Y. et al. Review: Transcriptional Regulation of CD4+ T Cell Differentiation in Experimentally Induced Arthritis and Rheumatoid Arthritis. Arthritis Rheumatol. 70, 653–661 (2018).

Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

Niu, Q. et al. Disturbed Th17/Treg balance in patients with rheumatoid arthritis. Rheumatol. Int. 32, 2731–2736 (2012).

Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

Wehrens, E. J. et al. T cells out of control-impaired immune regulation in the inflamed joint. Nat. Rev. Rheumatol. 9, 34–42 (2013).

Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

Wu, F. et al. B Cells in Rheumatoid ArthritisPathogenic Mechanisms and Treatment Prospects. Front. Immunol. 12, 750753 (2021).

Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

Ronnelid, J. et al. Autoantibodies in Rheumatoid Arthritis - Laboratory and Clinical Perspectives. Front. Immunol. 12, 685312 (2021).

Article  Google Scholar 

Kennedy, A. et al. Macrophages in synovial inflammation. Front. Immunol. 2, 52 (2011).

Article  Google Scholar 

Hannemann, N. et al. New insights into macrophage heterogeneity in rheumatoid arthritis. Jt. Bone Spine 88, 105091 (2021).

Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

Hashimoto, D. et al. Tissue-resident macrophages self-maintain locally throughout adult life with minimal contribution from circulating monocytes. Immunity 38, 792–804 (2013).

Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

Lavin, Y. et al. Regulation of macrophage development and function in peripheral tissues. Nat. Rev. Immunol. 15, 731–744 (2015).

Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

Huang, Q.-Q. et al. Critical role of synovial tissue-resident macrophage niche in joint homeostasis and suppression of chronic inflammation. Sci. Adv. 7, eabd0515 (2021).

Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

Das, A. et al. Monocyte and macrophage plasticity in tissue repair and regeneration. Am. J. Pathol. 185, 2596–2606 (2015).

Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

Funes, S. C. et al. Implications of macrophage polarization in autoimmunity. Immunology 154, 186–195 (2018).

Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

Wang, Y. et al. Is macrophage polarization important in rheumatoid arthritis? Int. Immunopharmacol. 50, 345–352 (2017).

Article  Google Scholar 

Cascao, R. et al. Neutrophils in rheumatoid arthritis: More than simple final effectors. Autoimmun. Rev. 9, 531–535 (2010).

Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

Iberg, C. A. et al. Dendritic cells as inducers of peripheral tolerance. Trends Immunol. 38, 793–804 (2017).

Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

Iwasaki, A. & Medzhitov, R. Control of adaptive immunity by the innate immune system. Nat. Immunol. 16, 343–353 (2015).

Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

Schett, G. & Gravallese, E. Bone erosion in rheumatoid arthritis: mechanisms, diagnosis and treatment. Nat. Rev. Rheumatol. 8, 656–664 (2012).

Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

Asagiri, M. & Takayanagi, H. The molecular understanding of osteoclast differentiation. Bone 40, 251–264 (2007).

Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

Wada, T. et al. RANKL-RANK signaling in osteoclastogenesis and bone disease. Trends Mol. Med. 12, 17–25 (2006).

Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

Amarasekara, D. S. et al. Regulation of Osteoclast Differentiation by Cytokine Networks. Immune Netw. 18, e8 (2018).

Article  Google Scholar 

Hashizume, M. et al. IL-6 trans-signalling directly induces RANKL on fibroblast-like synovial cells and is involved in RANKL induction by TNF-alpha and IL-17. Rheumatol. (Oxf.) 47, 1635–1640 (2008).

Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

Baum, R. & Gravallese, E. M. Bone as a target organ in rheumatic disease: impact on osteoclasts and osteoblasts. Clin. Rev. Allergy Immunol. 51, 1–15 (2016).

Article  Google Scholar 

Otero, M. & Goldring, M. B. Cells of the synovium in rheumatoid arthritis. Chondrocytes. Arthritis Res. Ther. 9, 220 (2007).

Article  Google Scholar 

Li, Z. et al. Omentin-1 prevents cartilage matrix destruction by regulating matrix metalloproteinases. Biomed. Pharmacother. 92, 265–269 (2017).

Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

Goldring, M. B. & Marcu, K. B. Cartilage homeostasis in health and rheumatic diseases. Arthritis Res. Ther. 11, 224 (2009).

Article  Google Scholar 

Falconer, J. et al. Review: synovial cell metabolism and chronic inflammation in rheumatoid arthritis. Arthritis Rheumatol. 70, 984–999 (2018).

Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

Elshabrawy, H. A. et al. The pathogenic role of angiogenesis in rheumatoid arthritis. Angiogenesis 18, 433–448 (2015).

Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

Laurent, L. et al. Fcgamma receptor profile of monocytes and macrophages from rheumatoid arthritis patients and their response to immune complexes formed with autoantibodies to citrullinated proteins. Ann. Rheum. Dis. 70, 1052–1059 (2011).

Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

Negishi-Koga, T. et al. Immune complexes regulate bone metabolism through FcRgamma signalling. Nat. Commun. 6, 6637 (2015).

Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

Bartok, B. & Firestein, G. S. Fibroblast-like synoviocytes: key effector cells in rheumatoid arthritis. Immunol. Rev. 233, 233–255 (2010).

Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

Bottini, N. & Firestein, G. S. Duality of fibroblast-like synoviocytes in RA: passive responders and imprinted aggressors. Nat. Rev. Rheumatol. 9, 24–33 (2013).

Article  CAS