Adland E, Klenerman P, Goulder P, Matthews P (2015) Ongoing burden of disease and mortality from HIV/CMV coinfection in Africa in the antiretroviral therapy era. Fron Microbiol 6:1016

Google Scholar 

Aguas A, Esaguy N, Sunkel C, Silva M (1990) Cross-reactivity and sequence homology between the 65-kilodalton mycobacterial heat shock protein and human lactoferrin, transferrin, and DR beta subsets of major histocompatibility complex class II molecules. Infect Immun 58:1461–1470

Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

Ali S, Salloom DF (2020) A novel finding of IL-9 genetic polymorphism (rs17317275) and serum level in rheumatoid arthritis patients infected with CMV. Plant Arch 20:582–587

Google Scholar 

Alivernini S, Tolusso B, Petricca L, Ferraccioli G, Gremese E (2019) Rheumatoid Arthritis. Mosaic Autoimmun 501–526 Elsevier

Alpizar-Rodriguez D, Lesker TR, Gronow A, Gilbert B, Raemy E, Lamacchia C, Gabay C, Finckh A, Strowig T (2019) Prevotella copri in individuals at risk for rheumatoid arthritis. Ann Rheum Dis 78:590–593

Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

Altschuler EL (1999) Parvovirus B19 and the pathogenesis of rheumatoid arthritis: a case for historical reasoning. The Lancet 354:1026–1027

Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

Araújo VMA, Melo IM, Lima V (2015) Relationship between periodontitis and rheumatoid arthritis: review of the literature. Mediat inflamm 2015

Azadeh H, Alizadeh-Navaei R, Rezaiemanesh A, Rajabinejad M (2022) Immune-related adverse events (irAEs) in ankylosing spondylitis (AS) patients treated with interleukin (IL)-17 inhibitors: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Inflammopharmacol 30:435–451

Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

Bartold PM, Marino V, Cantley M, Haynes DR (2010) Effect of Porphyromonas gingivalis-induced inflammation on the development of rheumatoid arthritis. J Clinperio Dontol 37:405–411

Google Scholar 

Bassyouni RH, Dwedar RA, Ezzat EM, Marzaban RN, Nassr MH, Rashid L (2019) Elevated Cytomegalovirus and Epstein-Barr virus burden in rheumatoid arthritis: A true pathogenic role or just a coincidence. Egypt Rheumatol 41:255–259

Article  Google Scholar 

Batool H, Afzal N, Shahzad F, Kashif M (2016) Relationship between rheumatoid arthritis and chronic periodontitis. J Med Radiol Pathol Surg 2:11–14

Article  Google Scholar 

Birkenfeld P, Haratz N, Klein G, Sulitzeanu D (1990) Cross-reactivity between the EBNA-1 p107 peptide, collagen, and keratin: implications for the pathogenesis of rheumatoid arthritis. Clin Immunol Immunopathol 54:14–25

Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

Bizzaro N, Mazzanti G, Tonutti E, Villalta D, Tozzoli R (2001) Diagnostic accuracy of the anti-citrulline antibody assay for rheumatoid arthritis. Clin Chem 47:1089–1093

Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

Blaschke S, Schwarz G, Moneke D, Binder L, Müller G, Reuss-Borst M (2000) Epstein-Barr virus infection in peripheral blood mononuclear cells, synovial fluid cells, and synovial membranes of patients with rheumatoid arthritis. J Rheumatol 27:866–873

CAS  Google Scholar 

Bo M, Erre GL, Niegowska M, Piras M, Taras L, Longu MG, Passiu G, Sechi LA (2018) Interferon regulatory factor 5 is a potential target of autoimmune response triggered by Epstein-Barr virus and Mycobacterium avium subsp. paratuberculosis in rheumatoid arthritis: investigating a mechanism of molecular mimicry. Clin Exp Rheumatol 36:376–381

Google Scholar 

Bo M, Jasemi S, Uras G, Erre GL, Passiu G, Sechi LA (2020) Role of infections in the pathogenesis of rheumatoid arthritis: focus on mycobacteria. Microorganisms 8:1459

Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

Breedveld F, Van Embden JA, Schaar C, Van Eden W, Cohen I, De Vries RP (1988) Synovial fluid T cell reactivity against 65 kD heat shock protein of mycobacteria in early chronic arthritis. The Lancet 332:478–480

Article  Google Scholar 

Brown JP, Jean G (2016) Does Epstein-Barr virus infection contribute to disease flares in rheumatoid arthritis. J Arthritis 5:208

Article  Google Scholar 

Cantley MD, Haynes DR, Marino V, Bartold PM (2011) Pre-existing periodontitis exacerbates experimental arthritis in a mouse model. J Clin Periodontol 38:532–541

Article  Google Scholar 

Ceccarelli F, Orrù G, Pilloni A, Bartosiewicz I, Perricone C, Martino E, Lucchetti R, Fais S, Vomero M, Olivieri M (2018) Porphyromonas gingivalis in the tongue biofilm is associated with clinical outcome in rheumatoid arthritis patients. Clin Exp Immunol 194:244–252

Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

Celis L, Vandevyver C, Geusens P, Dequeker J, Raus J, Zhang J (1997) Clonal expansion of mycobacterial heat-shock protein–reactive T lymphocytes in the synovial fluid and blood of rheumatoid arthritis patients. Arthritis Rheum 40:510–519

Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

Christopoulos G, Christopoulou V, Routsias J, Babionitakis A, Antoniadis C, Vaiopoulos G (2017) Greek rheumatoid arthritis patients have elevated levels of antibodies against antigens from Proteus mirabilis. Clin Rheumatol 36:527–535

Article  Google Scholar 

Costenbader KH, Karlson EW (2006) Epstein-Barr virus and rheumatoid arthritis: is there a link? Arthritis Res Ther 8:1–7

Article  Google Scholar 

Cronan MR, Beerman RW, Rosenberg AF, Saelens JW, Johnson MG, Oehlers SH, Sisk DM, Smith KLJ, Medvitz NA, Miller SE (2016) Macrophage epithelial reprogramming underlies mycobacterial granuloma formation and promotes infection. Immunity 45:861–876

Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

Cross M, Smith E, Hoy D, Carmona L, Wolfe F, Vos T, Williams B, Gabriel S, Lassere M, Johns N (2014) The global burden of rheumatoid arthritis: estimates from the global burden of disease 2010 study. Ann Rheum Dis 73:1316–1322

Article  Google Scholar 

Darrah E, Andrade F (2018) Rheumatoid arthritis and citrullination. Curr Opin Rheumatol 30:72

Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

De Pablo P, Dietrich T, McAlindon TE (2008) Association of periodontal disease and tooth loss with rheumatoid arthritis in the US population. J Rheumatol 35:70–76

Google Scholar 

de Smit M, Westra J, Vissink A, Doornbos-van der Meer B, Brouwer E, van Winkelhoff AJ (2012) Periodontitis in established rheumatoid arthritis patients: a cross-sectional clinical, microbiological and serological study. Arthritis Res Ther 14:1–10

Article  Google Scholar 

Deane KD, Demoruelle MK, Kelmenson LB, Kuhn KA, Norris JM, Holers VM (2017) Genetic and environmental risk factors for rheumatoid arthritis. Best Pract Res Clin Rheumatol 31:3–18

Article  Google Scholar 

Demmer RT, Molitor JA, Jacobs DR Jr, Michalowicz BS (2011) Periodontal disease, tooth loss and incident rheumatoid arthritis: results from the First National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey and its epidemiological follow-up study. J Clin Periodontol 38:998–1006

Article  Google Scholar 

Dissick A, Redman RS, Jones M, Rangan BV, Reimold A, Griffiths GR, Mikuls TR, Amdur RL, Richards JS, Kerr GS (2010) Association of periodontitis with rheumatoid arthritis: a pilot study. J Clin Periodontol 81:223–230

Article  Google Scholar 

Dos Anjos LME, Pereira IA, d’Orsi E, Seaman AP, Burlingame RW, Morato EF (2009) A comparative study of IgG second-and third-generation anti-cyclic citrullinated peptide (CCP) ELISAs and their combination with IgA third-generation CCP ELISA for the diagnosis of rheumatoid arthritis. Clin Rheumatol 28:153

Article  Google Scholar 

Dow CT (2012) M. paratuberculosis heat shock protein 65 and human diseases: bridging infection and autoimmunity. Autoimmun Dis 2012

Drago L (2019) Prevotella Copri and Microbiota in Rheumatoid Arthritis: Fully Convincing Evidence? J Clin Med 8

Dubaniewicz A, Dubaniewicz-Wybieralska M, Sternau A, Zwolska Z, Izycka-Swieszewska E, Augustynowicz-Kopec E, Skokowski J, Singh M, Zimnoch L (2006a) Mycobacterium tuberculosis complex and mycobacterial heat shock proteins in lymph node tissue from patients with pulmonary sarcoidosis. J Clin Microbiol 44:3448–3451

Article  Google Scholar 

Dubaniewicz A, Trzonkowski P, Dubaniewicz-Wybieralska M, Dubaniewicz A, Singh M, Myśliwski A (2006b) Comparative analysis of mycobacterial heat shock proteins-induced apoptosis of peripheral blood mononuclear cells in sarcoidosis and tuberculosis. J Clin Immunol 26:243–250

Article  Google Scholar 

Dutertre M, Delobel P, Marchou B, Boyer J-F, Mougari F, Martin-Blondel G (2019) Olecranon bursitis secondary to Mycobacterium europaeum infection in a patient receiving immunosuppressive drugs for rheumatoid arthritis. Med Mal Infect 49:358–359

Article  Google Scholar 

Ebringer A, Rashid T (2006) Rheumatoid arthritis is an autoimmune disease triggered by Proteus urinary tract infection. Clin Dev Immunol 13:41–48

Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

Ebringer A, Rashid T (2014) Rheumatoid arthritis is caused by a Proteus urinary tract infection. APMIS 122:363–368

Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

Ebringer A, Rashid T, Wilson C (2010) Rheumatoid arthritis, Proteus, anti-CCP antibodies and Karl Popper. Autoimmun Rev 9:216–223

Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

Elkayam O, Segal R, Bendayan D, van Uitert R, Onnekink C, Pruijn GJ (2010) The anti-cyclic citrullinated peptide response in tuberculosis patients is not citrulline-dependent and sensitive to treatment. Arthritis Res Ther 12:1–7

Article  Google Scholar 

Erre GL, Cossu D, Masala S, Mameli G, Cadoni M, Serdino S, Longu MG, Passiu G, Sechi LA (2014) Mycobacterium tuberculosis lipoarabinomannan antibodies are associated to rheumatoid arthritis in Sardinian patients. Clin Rheumatol 33:1725–1729

Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

Esaguy N, Aguas AP, Van Embden J, Silva MT (1991) Mycobacteria and human autoimmune disease: direct evidence of cross-reactivity between human lactoferrin and the 65-kilodalton protein of tubercle and leprosy bacilli. Infect Immun 59:1117–1125

Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

Fairley K, Carson N, Gutch RC, Leighton P, Grounds A, Laird E, McCallum P, Sleeman R, O’Keefe C (1971) Site of infection in acute urinary-tract infection in general practice. The Lancet 298:615–618

Article  Google Scholar 

Farrugia M, Baron B (2016) The role of TNF-α in rheumatoid arthritis: A focus on regulatory T cells. J Clin Transl Res 2:84

Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

Fattahi A, Lotfali E, Masoumi-Asl H, Sayyahfar S, Kalani M, Khourgami MR, Yassin Z (2020) Candidemia and its risk factors in neonates and children. Arch Pediatr Infect Dis 8:1–5

Article  Google Scholar 

Ford DK, Roza DMD, Schulzer M, Reid GD, Denegri JF (1987) Persistent synovial lymphocyte responses to cytomegalovirus antigen in some patients with rheumatoid arthritis. Arthritis Rheum 30:700–704

Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

Fuggle NR, Smith TO, Kaul A, Sofat N (2016) Hand to mouth: a systematic review and meta-analysis of the association between rheumatoid arthritis and periodontitis. Front Immunol 7:80

Article  Google Scholar 

Gagneux S (2018) Ecology and evolution of Mycobacterium tuberculosis. Nat Rev Microbiol 16:202–213

Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

Gómez-Bañuelos E, Mukherjee A, Darrah E, Andrade F (2019) Rheumatoid arthritis-associated mechanisms of Porphyromonas gingivalis and Aggregatibacter actinomycetemcomitans. J Clin Med 8:1309