Whelan PJ, Remski K. Buprenorphine vs methadone treatment: a review of evidence in both developed and developing worlds. J Neurosci Rural Pract. 2012;3(1):45–50. https://doi.org/10.4103/0976-3147.91934.

Article  Google Scholar 

Rodriguez CE, Klie KA. Pharmacological treatment of opioid use disorder in pregnancy. Semin Perinatol. 2019;43(3):141–8. https://doi.org/10.1053/j.semperi.2019.01.003.

Article  Google Scholar 

Jones HE, Martin PR, Heil SH, et al. Treatment of opioid-dependent pregnant women: clinical and research issues. J Subst Abuse Treat. 2008;35(3):245–59. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jsat.2007.10.007.

Article  Google Scholar 

Bell JR, Butler B, Lawrance A, Batey R, Salmelainen P. Comparing overdose mortality associated with methadone and buprenorphine treatment. Drug Alcohol Depend. 2009;104(1–2):73–7. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.drugalcdep.2009.03.020.

Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

Jansson LM, DiPietro JA, Velez M, et al. Fetal neurobehavioral effects of exposure to methadone or buprenorphine. Neurotoxicol Teratol. 2011;33(2):240–3. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ntt.2010.09.003.

Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

Salisbury AL, Coyle MG, O’Grady KE, et al. Fetal assessment before and after dosing with buprenorphine or methadone. Addiction. 2012;107(S1):36–44. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1360-0443.2012.04037.x.

Article  Google Scholar 

Wurst KE, Zedler BK, Joyce AR, Sasinowski M, Murrelle EL. A Swedish population-based study of adverse birth outcomes among pregnant women treated with buprenorphine or methadone: preliminary findings. Subst Abuse. 2016;10:S38887. https://doi.org/10.4137/SART.S38887.

Article  Google Scholar 

Meyer MC, Johnston AM, Crocker AM, Heil SH. Methadone and buprenorphine for opioid dependence during pregnancy: a retrospective cohort study. J Addict Med. 2015;9(2):81–6. https://doi.org/10.1097/ADM.0000000000000092/.

Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

Welle-Strand GK, Skurtveit S, Jones HE, et al. Neonatal outcomes following in utero exposure to methadone or buprenorphine: a national cohort study of opioid-agonist treatment of pregnant women in Norway from 1996 to 2009. Drug Alcohol Depend. 2013;127(1):200–6. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.drugalcdep.2012.07.001.

Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

Kakko J, Heilig M, Sarman I. Buprenorphine and methadone treatment of opiate dependence during pregnancy: comparison of fetal growth and neonatal outcomes in two consecutive case series. Drug Alcohol Depend. 2008;96(1):69–78. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.drugalcdep.2008.01.025.

Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

Jones HE, Stine SM, O’Grady KE, Fischer G. Neonatal abstinence syndrome after methadone or buprenorphine exposure. N Engl J Med. 2010;363(24):2320–31.

Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

Fischer G, Ortner R, Rohrmeister K, et al. Methadone versus buprenorphine in pregnant addicts: a double-blind, double-dummy comparison study. Addiction. 2006;101(2):275–81. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1360-0443.2006.01321.x.

Article  Google Scholar 

Lacroix I, Berrebi A, Garipuy D, et al. Buprenorphine versus methadone in pregnant opioid-dependent women: a prospective multicenter study. Eur J Clin Pharmacol. 2011;67(10):1053. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00228-011-1049-9.

Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

Gordon AL, Lopatko OV, Haslam RR, et al. Ineffective morphine treatment regimen for the control of neonatal abstinence syndrome in buprenorphine- and methadone-exposed infants. J Dev Origin Health Dis. 2012;3(4):262–70. https://doi.org/10.1017/S2040174412000190.

Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

Frazier W, Cochran G, Lo-Ciganic WH, et al. Medication-assisted treatment and opioid use before and after overdose in Pennsylvania Medicaid. JAMA. 2017;318(8):750–2. https://doi.org/10.1001/jama.2017.7818.

Article  Google Scholar 

US Food and Drug Administration and others. Information about medication-assisted treatment (MAT). Published online April 18, 2019. https://www.fda.gov/drugs/information-drug-class/information-about-medication-assisted-treatment-mat. Accessed 9 Oct 2022.

Patorno E, Hernandez-Diaz S, Huybrechts KF, et al. Gabapentin in pregnancy and the risk of adverse neonatal and maternal outcomes: a population-based cohort study nested in the US Medicaid Analytic eXtract dataset. PLoS Med. 2020;17(9):e1003322. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pmed.1003322.

Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

Zhang C, Brook JS, Leukefeld CG, Brook DW. Associations between compulsive buying and substance dependence/abuse, major depressive episodes, and generalized anxiety disorder among men and women. J Addict Dis. 2016;35(4):298–304. https://doi.org/10.1080/10550887.2016.1177809.

Article  Google Scholar 

Krans EE, Kim JY, James AE, Kelley D, Jarlenski MP. Medication-assisted treatment utilization among pregnant women with opioid use disorder. Obstet Gynecol. 2019;133(5):943–51. https://doi.org/10.1097/AOG.0000000000003231.

Article  Google Scholar 

Schuman-Olivier Z, Hoeppner BB, Weiss RD, Borodovsky J, Shaffer HJ, Albanese MJ. Benzodiazepine use during buprenorphine treatment for opioid dependence: clinical and safety outcomes. Drug Alcohol Depend. 2013;132(3):580–6. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.drugalcdep.2013.04.006.

Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

Wachman EM, Newby PK, Vreeland J, et al. The relationship between maternal opioid agonists and psychiatric medications on length of hospitalization for neonatal abstinence syndrome. J Addict Med. 2011;5(4):293–9. https://doi.org/10.1097/ADM.0b013e3182266a3a.

Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

Janjua NZ, Islam N, Kuo M, et al. Identifying injection drug use and estimating population size of people who inject drugs using healthcare administrative datasets. Int J Drug Policy. 2018;55:31–9. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.drugpo.2018.02.001.

Article  Google Scholar 

Wakeman SE, Larochelle MR, Ameli O, et al. Comparative effectiveness of different treatment pathways for opioid use disorder. JAMA Netw Open. 2020;3(2):e1920622. https://doi.org/10.1001/jamanetworkopen.2019.20622.

Article  Google Scholar 

Bodnar LM, Davidian M, Siega-Riz AM, Tsiatis AA. Marginal structural models for analyzing causal effects of time-dependent treatments: an application in perinatal epidemiology. Am J Epidemiol. 2004;159(10):926–34. https://doi.org/10.1093/aje/kwh131.

Article  Google Scholar 

Chang DC, Klimas J, Wood E, Fairbairn N. Medication-assisted treatment for youth with opioid use disorder: current dilemmas and remaining questions. Am J Drug Alcohol Abuse. 2018;44(2):143–6. https://doi.org/10.1080/00952990.2017.1399403.

Article  Google Scholar 

Van der Weele TJ, Ding P. Sensitivity analysis in observational research: introducing the E-value. Ann Intern Med. 2017;167(4):268–74. https://doi.org/10.7326/M16-2607.

Article  Google Scholar 

Gerstein DR. The effectiveness of drug treatment. Res Publ Assoc Res Nerv Ment Dis. 1992;70:253–82.

CAS  Google Scholar 

Tolia VN, Patrick SW, Bennett MM, et al. Increasing incidence of the neonatal abstinence syndrome in U.S. neonatal ICUs. N Engl J Med. 2015;372(22):2118–26. https://doi.org/10.1056/NEJMsa1500439.

Article  Google Scholar 

Patrick SW, Schumacher RE, Benneyworth BD, Krans EE, McAllister JM, Davis MM. Neonatal abstinence syndrome and associated health care expenditures: United States, 2000–2009. JAMA. 2012;307(18):1934–40. https://doi.org/10.1001/jama.2012.3951.

Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

Patrick SW, Burke JF, Biel TJ, Auger KA, Goyal NK, Cooper WO. Risk of hospital readmission among infants with neonatal abstinence syndrome. Hosp Pediatr. 2015;5(10):513–9. https://doi.org/10.1542/hpeds.2015-0024.

Article  Google Scholar 

ACOG Committee on Health Care for Underserved Women, American Society of Addiction Medicine. ACOG Committee Opinion No. 524: opioid abuse, dependence, and addiction in pregnancy. Obstet Gynecol. 2012;119(5):1070–6. https://doi.org/10.1097/AOG.0b013e318256496e.

Article  Google Scholar 

Hudak ML, Tan RC. Committee on Drugs; Committee on Fetus and Newborn; American Academy of Pediatrics. Neonatal drug withdrawal. Pediatrics. 2012;129(2):e540–60. https://doi.org/10.1542/peds.2011-3212.

Article  Google Scholar 

O’Donnell M, Nassar N, Leonard H, et al. Increasing prevalence of neonatal withdrawal syndrome: population study of maternal factors and child protection involvement. Pediatrics. 2009;123(4):e614–21. https://doi.org/10.1542/peds.2008-2888.

Article  Google Scholar 

Jones HE, Johnson RE, Jasinski DR, et al. Buprenorphine versus methadone in the treatment of pregnant opioid-dependent patients: effects on the neonatal abstinence syndrome. Drug Alcohol Depend. 2005;79(1):1–10. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.drugalcdep.2004.11.013.

Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

Metz V, Jagsch R, Ebner N, et al. Impact of treatment approach on maternal and neonatal outcome in pregnant opioid-maintained women. Hum Psychopharmacol. 2011;26(6):412–21. https://doi.org/10.1002/hup.1224.

Article  Google Scholar 

Schiff DM, Nielsen T, Hoeppner BB, et al. Assessment of racial and ethnic disparities in the use of medication to treat opioid use disorder among pregnant women in Massachusetts. JAMA Netw Open. 2020;3(5):e205734. https://doi.org/10.1001/jamanetworkopen.2020.5734.

Article  Google Scholar 

Volkow ND, Frieden TR, Hyde PS, Cha SS. Medication-assisted therapies: tackling the opioid-overdose epidemic. N Engl J Med. 2014;370(22):2063–6. https://doi.org/10.1056/NEJMp1402780.

Article  Google Scholar 

Kennedy-Hendricks A, Levin J, Stone E, McGinty EE, Gollust SE, Barry CL. News media reporting on medication treatment for opioid use disorder amid the opioid epidemic. Health Aff. 2019;38(4):643–51. https://doi.org/10.1377/hlthaff.2018.05075.

Article  Google Scholar 

Olsen Y, Sharfstein JM. Confronting the stigma of opioid use disorder—and its treatment. JAMA. 2014;311(14):1393–4. https://doi.org/10.1001/jama.2014.2147.

Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

Gryczynski J, Schwartz RP, Salkever DS, Mitchell SG, Jaffe JH. Patterns in admission delays to outpatient methadone treatment in the United States. J Subst Abuse Treat. 2011;41(4):431–9. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jsat.2011.06.005.

Article  Google Scholar 

Jordan A, Jegede O. Building outreach and diversity in the field of addictions: building outreach and diversity. Am J Addict. 2020;29(5):413–7. https://doi.org/10.1111/ajad.13097.

Article  Google Scholar 

Ling W, Charuvastra C, Collins JF, et al. Buprenorphine maintenance treatment of opiate dependence: a multicenter, randomized clinical trial. Addiction. 1998;93(4):475–86. https://doi.org/10.1046/j.1360-0443.1998.9344753.x.

Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

Wilder CM, Hosta D, Winhusen T. Association of methadone dose with substance use and treatment retention in pregnant and postpartum women with opioid use disorder. J Subst Abuse Treat. 2017;80:33–6. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jsat.2017.06.005.

Article  Google Scholar 

Wiegand SL, Stringer EM, Stuebe AM, Jones H, Seashore C, Thorp J. Buprenorphine and naloxone compared with methadone treatment in pregnancy. Obstet Gynecol. 2015;125(2):363–8. https://doi.org/10.1097/AOG.0000000000000640.

Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

Staszewski CL, Garretto D, Garry ET, Ly V, Davis JA, Herrera KM. Comparison of buprenorphine and methadone in the management of maternal opioid use disorder in full term pregnancies. J Perinatal Med. 2020;48(7):677–80. https://doi.org/10.1515/jpm-2020-0106.