Christensen EF, Larsen TM, Jensen FB, Bendtsen MD, Hansen PA, Johnsen SP, et al. Diagnosis and mortality in prehospital emergency patients transported to hospital: a population-based and registry-based cohort study. BMJ Open. 2016;6(7): e011558.

Article  Google Scholar 

Overgaard MF, Heino A, Andersen SA, Thomas O, Holmén J, Mikkelsen S. Physician staffed emergency medical service for children: a retrospective population-based registry cohort study in Odense region, Southern Denmark. BMJ Open. 2020;10(8): e037567.

Article  Google Scholar 

Kaji AH, Santillanes G, Claudius I, Mittal MK, Hayes K, Lee J, et al. Do infants less than 12 months of age with an apparent life-threatening event need transport to a pediatric critical care center? Prehosp Emerg Care. 2013;17(3):304–11.

Article  Google Scholar 

Corfield AR, Silcock D, Clerihew L, Kelly P, Stewart E, Staines H, et al. Paediatric early warning scores are predictors of adverse outcome in the pre-hospital setting: a national cohort study. Resuscitation. 2018;133:153–9.

Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

Parshuram CS, Dryden-Palmer K, Farrell C, Gottesman R, Gray M, Hutchison JS, et al. Effect of a pediatric early warning system on all-cause mortality in hospitalized pediatric patients: the EPOCH randomized clinical trial. JAMA. 2018;319(10):1002–12.

Article  Google Scholar 

Oulasvirta J, Harve-Rytsälä H, Lääperi M, Kuisma M, Salmi H. Why do infants need out-of-hospital emergency medical services? A retrospective, population-based study. Scand J Trauma Resusc Emerg Med. 2021;29(1):13.

Article  Google Scholar 

Jeruzal JN, Boland LL, Frazer MS, Kamrud JW, Myers RN, Lick CJ, et al. Emergency medical services provider perspectives on pediatric calls: a qualitative study. Prehospital Emerg Care. 2019;23(4):501–9.

Article  Google Scholar 

Guise J-M, Hansen M, O’Brien K, Dickinson C, Meckler G, Engle P, et al. Emergency medical services responders’ perceptions of the effect of stress and anxiety on patient safety in the out-of-hospital emergency care of children: a qualitative study. BMJ Open. 2017;7(2): e014057.

Article  Google Scholar 

Rahman A, Curtis S, DeBruyne B, Sookram S, Thomson D, Lutz S, et al. Emergency medical services provider comfort with prehospital analgesia administration to children. Prehosp Disaster Med. 2015;30(1):66–71.

Article  Google Scholar 

Jepsen K, Rooth K, Lindström V. Parents’ experiences of the caring encounter in the ambulance service—a qualitative study. J Clin Nurs. 2019;28(19–20):3660–8.

Article  Google Scholar 

Hansen M, Meckler G, Dickinson C, Dickenson K, Jui J, Lambert W, et al. Children’s safety initiative: a national assessment of pediatric educational needs among emergency medical services providers. Prehosp Emerg Care. 2015;19(2):287–91.

Article  Google Scholar 

Jensen LT, Andersen LH, Steinmetz J. Nationwide study found higher paediatric readiness in emergency departments and trauma centres with a paediatrician on-site. Acta Paediatr. 2022;111(1):171–3.

Article  Google Scholar 

Region Hovedstaden. Børneparat.dk [cited 2022 Jul 4]. Available from: https://www.regionh.dk/boerneparat.

Ames SG, Davis BS, Marin JR, Fink EL, Olson LM, Gausche-Hill M, et al. Emergency department pediatric readiness and mortality in critically ill children. Pediatrics. 2019;144(3).

Hewes H, Hunsaker S, Christensen M, Whitney J, Dalrymple T, Taillac P. Documentation of pediatric vital signs by EMS providers over time. J Pediatr Surg. 2016;51(2):329–32.

Article  Google Scholar 

Corfield A, Clerihew L, Stewart E, Staines H, Tough D, Rooney K. The discrimination of quick Paediatric Early Warning Scores in the pre-hospital setting. Anaesthesia. 2020;75(3):353–8.

Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

Nielsen VML, Kløjgård T, Bruun H, Søvsø MB, Christensen EF. Progression of vital signs during ambulance transport categorised by a paediatric triage model: a population-based historical cohort study. BMJ Open. 2020;10(11): e042401.

Article  Google Scholar 

Magnusson C, Herlitz J, Karlsson T, Axelsson C. Initial assessment, level of care and outcome among children who were seen by emergency medical services: a prospective observational study. Scand J Trauma Resusc Emerg Med. 2018;26(1):88.

Article  Google Scholar 

Harris AD, McGregor JC, Perencevich EN, Furuno JP, Zhu J, Peterson DE, et al. The use and interpretation of quasi-experimental studies in medical informatics. J Am Med Inf Assoc. 2006;13(1):16–23.

Article  Google Scholar 

von Elm E, Altman DG, Egger M, Pocock SJ, Gøtzsche PC, Vandenbroucke JP, et al. The Strengthening the Reporting of Observational Studies in Epidemiology (STROBE) statement: guidelines for reporting observational studies. J Clin Epidemiol. 2008;61(4):344–9.

Article  Google Scholar 

Mikkelsen S, Lassen AT. The Danish prehospital system. Eur J Emerg Med. 2020;27(6):394–5.

Article  Google Scholar 

Danish Regions. Danish Index for Emergency Care, National Edition, version 1.9. 2020.

Andersen MS, Johnsen SP, Sørensen JN, Jepsen SB, Hansen JB, Christensen EF. Implementing a nationwide criteria-based emergency medical dispatch system: a register-based follow-up study. Scand J Trauma Resusc Emerg Med. 2013;21(1):53.

Article  Google Scholar 

Statistics Denmark. Population Figures 2020Q3 by time, age and area [cited 2022 Jun 18]. Available from: https://www.statistikbanken.dk/statbank5a/default.asp?w=1920

Maconochie IK, de Caen AR, Aickin R, Atkins DL, Biarent D, Guerguerian A-M, et al. Part 6: pediatric basic life support and pediatric advanced life support. Resuscitation. 2015;95:e147–68.

Article  Google Scholar 

Van de Voorde P, Turner NM, Djakow J, de Lucas N, Martinez-Mejias A, Biarent D, et al. European Resuscitation Council Guidelines 2021: paediatric life support. Resuscitation. 2021;161:327–87.

Article  Google Scholar 

The Danish Emergency Process Triage, version 2.0 [in Danish] [cited 2022 Aug 11]. Available from: http://www.deptriage.dk/

Hoffmann F, Schmalhofer M, Lehner M, Zimatschek S, Grote V, Reiter K. Comparison of the AVPU Scale and the pediatric GCS in prehospital setting. Prehosp Emerg Care. 2016;20(4):493–8.

Article  Google Scholar 

Textor J, van der Zander B, Gilthorpe MS, Liskiewicz M, Ellison GTH. Robust causal inference using directed acyclic graphs: the R package “dagitty.” Int J Epidemiol. 2016;45(6):1887–94.

Google Scholar 

Landsberger H. Hawthorne revisited. Ithaca: Cornell University; 1958.

Google Scholar 

Stone EL, Davis LL, McCoy TP, Travers D, Van Horn E, Krowchuk HV. A secondary analysis to inform a clinical decision rule for predicting skull fracture and intracranial injury in children under age 2. Res Nurs Health. 2020;43(1):28–39.

Article  Google Scholar 

Kurosawa H, Shiima Y, Miyakoshi C, Nezu M, Someya M, Yoshida M, et al. The association between prehospital vital signs of children and their critical clinical outcomes at hospitals. Sci Rep. 2022;12(1):5199.

Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

Lissauer T, Clayden G. Illustrated Textbook of Paediatrics. 4th ed. Elsevier Ltd; 2012.

Zhu CS, Braverman M, Goddard S, McGinity AC, Pokorny D, Cotner-Pouncy T, et al. Prehospital shock index and systolic blood pressure are highly specific for pediatric massive transfusion. J Trauma Acute Care Surg. 2021;91(4):579–83.

Article  Google Scholar 

Bird C, Michie C. Measuring blood pressure in children. BMJ. 2008;336(7657):1321–1321.

Article  Google Scholar 

Ramgopal S, Elmer J, Escajeda J, Martin-Gill C. Differences in prehospital patient assessments for pediatric versus adult patients. J Pediatr. 2018;199:200-205.e6.

Article  Google Scholar 

Drayna PC, Browne LR, Guse CE, Brousseau DC, Lerner EB. Prehospital pediatric care: opportunities for training, treatment, and research. Prehosp Emerg Care. 2015;19(3):441–7.

Article  Google Scholar 

Davies FC, Coats TJ, Fisher R, Lawrence T, Lecky FE. A profile of suspected child abuse as a subgroup of major trauma patients. Emerg Med J. 2015;32(12):921–5.

Article  Google Scholar