Song P, Rudan D, Zhu Y, Fowkes FJI, Rahimi K, Fowkes FGR, et al. Global, regional, and national prevalence and risk factors for peripheral artery disease in 2015: an updated systematic review and analysis. Lancet Glob Health Elsevier BV. 2019;7:e1020–30.

Article  Google Scholar 

Fowkes FG, Housley E, Cawood EH, Macintyre CC, Ruckley CV, Prescott RJ. Edinburgh artery study: prevalence of asymptomatic and symptomatic peripheral arterial disease in the general population. Int J Epidemiol Oxford University Press (OUP). 1991;20:384–92.

Google Scholar 

Alberts MJ, Bhatt DL, Mas J-L, Ohman EM, Hirsch AT, Röther J, et al. Three-year follow-up and event rates in the international REduction of Atherothrombosis for continued health registry. Eur Heart J. 2009;30:2318–26.

Article  Google Scholar 

Sartipy F, Sigvant B, Lundin F, Wahlberg E. Ten year mortality in different peripheral arterial disease stages: a population based observational study on outcome. Eur J Vasc Endovasc Surg. 2018;55:529–36.

Article  Google Scholar 

Aboyans V, Ricco J-B, Bartelink M-LEL, Björck M, Brodmann M, Cohnert T, et al. ESC Guidelines on the Diagnosis and Treatment of Peripheral Arterial Diseases, in collaboration with the European Society for Vascular Surgery (ESVS): Document covering atherosclerotic disease of extracranial carotid and vertebral, mesenteric, renal, upper and lower extremity arteriesEndorsed by: the European Stroke Organization (ESO) The Task Force for the Diagnosis and Treatment of Peripheral Arterial Diseases of the European Society of Cardiology (ESC) and of the European Society for Vascular Surgery (ESVS). Eur Heart J. 2017;2018(39):763–816.

Google Scholar 

Fontaine R, Kim M, Kieny R. Surgical treatment of peripheral circulation disorders. Helv Chir Acta. 1954;21:499–533.

Google Scholar 

Stone NJ, Robinson JG, Lichtenstein AH, Goff DC Jr, Lloyd-Jones DM, Smith SC Jr, et al. Treatment of blood cholesterol to reduce atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease risk in adults: synopsis of the 2013 American College of Cardiology/American Heart Association cholesterol guideline. Ann Intern Med American College of Physicians. 2014;160:339–43.

Google Scholar 

Collins R, Reith C, Emberson J, Armitage J, Baigent C, Blackwell L, et al. Interpretation of the evidence for the efficacy and safety of statin therapy. Lancet. 2016;388:2532–61.

Article  Google Scholar 

CAPRIE Steering Committee. A randomised, blinded, trial of clopidogrel versus aspirin in patients at risk of ischaemic events (CAPRIE). Lancet. 1996;348:1329–39.

Bonello L, Tantry US, Marcucci R, Blindt R, Angiolillo DJ, Becker R, et al. Consensus and future directions on the definition of high on-treatment platelet reactivity to adenosine diphosphate. J Am Coll Cardiol. Elsevier BV. 2010;56:919–33.

Article  Google Scholar 

Tantry US, Bonello L, Aradi D, Price MJ, Jeong Y-H, Angiolillo DJ, et al. Consensus and update on the definition of on-treatment platelet reactivity to adenosine diphosphate associated with ischemia and bleeding. J Am Coll Cardiol Elsevier BV. 2013;62:2261–73.

Article  Google Scholar 

Yeo K-K, Armstrong EJ, López JE, Chen DC, Westin GG, Li C-S, et al. Aspirin and clopidogrel high on-treatment platelet reactivity and genetic predictors in peripheral arterial disease. Catheter Cardiovasc Interv. 2018;91:1308–17.

Article  Google Scholar 

Pasala T, Hoo JS, Lockhart MK, Waheed R, Sengodan P, Alexander J, et al. Aspirin resistance predicts adverse cardiovascular events in patients with symptomatic peripheral artery disease. Tex heart Inst J. 2016;43:482–7.

Article  Google Scholar 

Armstrong EJ, Anderson DR, Yeo K-K, Singh GD, Bang H, Amsterdam EA, et al. Association of dual-antiplatelet therapy with reduced major adverse cardiovascular events in patients with symptomatic peripheral arterial disease. J Vasc Surg Elsevier BV. 2015;62:157–165.e1.

Article  Google Scholar 

Pastromas G, Spiliopoulos S, Katsanos K, Diamantopoulos A, Kitrou P, Karnabatidis D, et al. Clopidogrel responsiveness in patients undergoing peripheral angioplasty. Cardiovasc Radiol Springer Science and Business Media LLC. 2013;36:1493–9.

Google Scholar 

Spiliopoulos S, Kassimis G, Hatzidakis A, Krokidis M. High on-treatment platelet reactivity in peripheral endovascular procedures. Cardiovasc Radiol. Springer Science and Business Media LLC. 2014;37:559–71.

Google Scholar 

Stone NJ, Robinson JG, Lichtenstein AH, Bairey Merz CN, Blum CB, Eckel RH, et al. 2013 ACC/AHA guideline on the treatment of blood cholesterol to reduce atherosclerotic cardiovascular risk in adults: a report of the American College of Cardiology/American Heart Association task force on practice guidelines. J Am Coll Cardiol. 2014;63:2889–934.

Article  Google Scholar 

Lee P-Y, Chen W-H, Ng W, Cheng X, Kwok JY-Y, Tse H-F, et al. Low-dose aspirin increases aspirin resistance in patients with coronary artery disease. Am J Med Elsevier BV. 2005;118:723–7.

Article  Google Scholar 

Disease K. Improving global outcomes (KDIGO) blood pressure work group. KDIGO 2021 clinical practice guideline for the management of blood pressure in chronic kidney disease. Kidney Int Elsevier BV. 2021;99:S1–87.

Article  Google Scholar 

Morisky DE, Ang A, Krousel-Wood M, Ward HJ. Predictive validity of a medication adherence measure in an outpatient setting. J Clin Hypertens (Greenwich). 2008;10:348–54.

Article  Google Scholar 

Krousel-Wood M, Islam T, Webber LS, Re RN, Morisky DE, Muntner P. New medication adherence scale versus pharmacy fill rates in seniors with hypertension. Am J Manag Care. 2009;15:59–66.

Google Scholar 

Morisky DE, DiMatteo MR. Improving the measurement of self-reported medication nonadherence: response to authors. J Clin Epidemiol. 2011;64:255–7. discussion 258-63

Subherwal S, Bhatt DL, Li S, Wang TY, Thomas L, Alexander KP, et al. Polyvascular disease and long-term cardiovascular outcomes in older patients with non-ST-segment-elevation myocardial infarction. Circ Cardiovasc Qual Outcomes Ovid Technologies (Wolters Kluwer Health). 2012;5:541–9.

Article  Google Scholar 

Ference BA, Ginsberg HN, Graham I, Ray KK, Packard CJ, Bruckert E, et al. Low-density lipoproteins cause atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease. 1. Evidence from genetic, epidemiologic, and clinical studies. A consensus statement from the European Atherosclerosis Society Consensus Panel. Eur Heart J. Oxford University Press (OUP). 2017;38:2459–72.

Article  Google Scholar 

Sabatine MS, Wiviott SD, Im K, Murphy SA, Giugliano RP. Efficacy and safety of further lowering of low-density lipoprotein cholesterol in patients starting with very low levels. JAMA Cardiol. American Medical Association (AMA); 2018; Available from: https://doi.org/10.1001/jamacardio.2018.2258

Barter PJ, Nicholls S, Rye K-A, Anantharamaiah GM, Navab M, Fogelman AM. Antiinflammatory properties of HDL. Circ Res Ovid Technologies (Wolters Kluwer Health). 2004;95:764–72.

Google Scholar 

Kontush A, Chapman MJ. Antiatherogenic function of HDL particle subpopulations: focus on antioxidative activities. Curr Opin Lipidol Ovid Technologies (Wolters Kluwer Health). 2010;21:312–8.

Article  Google Scholar 

Giugliano RP, Pedersen TR, Park J-G, De Ferrari GM, Gaciong ZA, Ceska R, et al. Clinical efficacy and safety of achieving very low LDL-cholesterol concentrations with the PCSK9 inhibitor evolocumab: a prespecified secondary analysis of the FOURIER trial. Lancet. Elsevier BV. 2017;390:1962–71.

Article  Google Scholar 

Wilson PW, Abbott RD, Castelli WP. High density lipoprotein cholesterol and mortality. The Framingham heart study. Arteriosclerosis. Ovid Technologies (Wolters Kluwer Health). 1988;8:737–41.

Article  Google Scholar 

Murabito JM, Evans JC, Nieto K, Larson MG, Levy D, Wilson PW, et al. Prevalence and clinical correlates of peripheral arterial disease in the Framingham offspring study. Am Heart J Elsevier BV. 2002;143:961–5.

Article  Google Scholar 

Newman AB, Siscovick DS, Manolio TA, Polak J, Fried LP, Borhani NO, et al. Ankle-arm index as a marker of atherosclerosis in the cardiovascular health study. Cardiovascular heart study (CHS) Collaborative Research Group. Circulation. Ovid Technologies (Wolters Kluwer Health). 1993;88:837–45.

Article  Google Scholar 

Cesari F, Marcucci R, Caporale R, Paniccia R, Romano E, Gensini GF, et al. Relationship between high platelet turnover and platelet function in high-risk patients with coronary artery disease on dual antiplatelet therapy. Thromb Haemost. 2008;99:930–5.

Article  Google Scholar 

Fontana P, Dupont A, Gandrille S, Bachelot-Loza C, Reny J-L, Aiach M, et al. Adenosine diphosphate-induced platelet aggregation is associated with P2Y12 gene sequence variations in healthy subjects. Circulation Ovid Technologies (Wolters Kluwer Health). 2003;108:989–95.

Article  Google Scholar 

Lee S-J, Jung I-S, Jung E-J, Choi J-Y, Yeo C-W, Cho D-Y, et al. Identification of P2Y12 single-nucleotide polymorphisms and their influences on the variation in ADP-induced platelet aggregation. Thromb Res Elsevier BV. 2011;127:220–7.

Article  Google Scholar 

Brandt JT, Close SL, Iturria SJ, Payne CD, Farid NA, Ernest CS 2nd, et al. Common polymorphisms of CYP2C19 and CYP2C9 affect the pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic response to clopidogrel but not prasugrel. J Thromb Haemost. 2007;5:2429–36.

Article  Google Scholar 

Hulot J-S, Bura A, Villard E, Azizi M, Remones V, Goyenvalle C, et al. Cytochrome P450 2C19 loss-of-function polymorphism is a major determinant of clopidogrel responsiveness in healthy subjects. Blood. 2006;108:2244–7.

Article  Google Scholar 

Claassens DM, Vos GJ, Bergmeijer TO, Hermanides RS, Van’t Hof AW, Van Der Harst P, et al. A genotype-guided strategy for oral P2Y12 inhibitors in primary PCI. N Engl J Med Massachusetts Medical Society. 2019;381:1621–31.

Article  Google Scholar 

Pereira NL, Farkouh ME, So D, Lennon R, Geller N, Mathew V, et al. Effect of genotype-guided oral P2Y12 inhibitor selection vs conventional clopidogrel therapy on ischemic outcomes after percutaneous coronary intervention: the TAILOR-PCI randomized clinical trial. JAMA. 2020;324:761–71.

Article  Google Scholar 

Pereira NL, Rihal C, Lennon R, Marcus G, Shrivastava S, Bell MR, et al. Effect of CYP2C19 genotype on ischemic outcomes during oral p2y12 inhibitor therapy: a meta-analysis. JACC Cardiovasc Interv. 2021;14:739–50.

Ziegler S, Schillinger M, Funk M, Felber K, Exner M, Mlekusch W, et al. Association of a functional polymorphism in the clopidogrel target receptor gene, P2Y12, and the risk for ischemic cerebrovascular events in patients with peripheral artery disease. Stroke Ovid Technologies (Wolters Kluwer Health). 2005;36:1394–9.

Article  Google Scholar 

Rocca B, Tosetto A, Betti S, Soldati D, Petrucci G, Rossi E, et al. A randomized double-blind trial of 3 aspirin regimens to optimize antiplatelet therapy in essential thrombocythemia. Blood American Society of Hematology. 2020;136:171–82.

Article  Google Scholar 

Larsen ML, Pedersen OH, Hvas AM, Niekerk PB, Bønløkke S, Kristensen SD, et al. Once- versus twice-daily aspirin treatment in patients with essential thrombocytosis. Platelets. Informa UK Limited. 2019;30:322–8.

Article  Google Scholar 

Gladding P, Webster M, Zeng I, Farrell H, Stewart J, Ruygrok P, et al. The antiplatelet effect of higher loading and maintenance dose regimens of clopidogrel: the PRINC (Plavix response in coronary intervention) trial. JACC Cardiovasc Interv. Elsevier BV. 2008;1:612–9.

Article  Google Scholar 

Louca JI, Mina GS, Habib BW, Sadek SE. The effect of doubling the dose of clopidogrel on platelet aggregation in patients with clopidogrel resistance. Egypt Heart J Springer Science and Business Media LLC. 2014;66:259–62.

Article  Google Scholar 

Aleil B, Jacquemin L, De Poli F, Zaehringer M, Collet J-P, Montalescot G, et al. Clopidogrel 150 mg/day to overcome low responsiveness in patients undergoing elective percutaneous coronary intervention: results from the VASP-02 (vasodilator-stimulated Phosphoprotein-02) randomized study. JACC Cardiovasc Interv Elsevier BV. 2008;1:631–8.

Article  Google Scholar 

Siller-Matula JM, Huber K, Christ G, Schrör K, Kubica J, Herkner H, et al. Impact of clopidogrel loading dose on clinical outcome in patients undergoing percutaneous coronary intervention: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Heart BMJ. 2011;97:98–105.

Article  Google Scholar 

Bhatt DL, Topol EJ, Clopidogrel for High Atherothrombotic Risk and Ischemic Stabilization, Management, and Avoidance Executive Committee. Clopidogrel added to aspirin versus aspirin alone in secondary prevention and high-risk primary prevention: rationale and design of the Clopidogrel for High Atherothrombotic Risk and Ischemic Stabilization, Management, and Avoidance (CHARISMA) trial. Am Heart J. Elsevier BV. 2004;148:263–8.

Article  Google Scholar 

Altes P, Perez P, Esteban C, Sánchez Muñoz-Torrero JF, Aguilar E, García-Díaz AM, et al. Raised fibrinogen levels and outcome in outpatients with peripheral artery disease. Angiology SAGE Publications. 2018;69:507–12.

Article  Google Scholar 

Doweik L, Maca T, Schillinger M, Budinsky A, Sabeti S, Minar E. Fibrinogen predicts mortality in high risk patients with peripheral artery disease. Eur J Vasc Endovasc Surg Elsevier BV. 2003;26:381–6.

Article  Google Scholar