To study the competencies and their effects on H4.0 adoption, we used the classification proposed by Hecklau [9], categorising the competencies into technical, methodological, social, and personal. By analysing the literature, we observed that technical competence is the most prominent set of skills required to utilise new technologies in the healthcare industry. Technical competence, out of the four categories, was the one that provided the highest number of papers and citations. This competence is associated with six subskills, including state-of-the-art knowledge, technical skills, process understanding, handling smart devices, apps, smart media, data/information-processing skills, and understanding IT security. The additional responsibility due to the introduction of Healthcare 4.0 technologies makes state-of-the-art knowledge a vital component. It is linked with the professional knowledge of individuals [35,57], knowledge to handle various technologies [44,64], system-specific tasks [42,50], knowledge acquired from experience [34,52] and interactions and meetings [34], knowledge to prioritise needs [70], knowledge of the pre-operative planning process [71], and knowledge of data protection [58]. A variety of technical skills, including handling Healthcare 4.0 and other eHealth technologies [41,44], the operation of computer systems and computer literacy [31], device testing and troubleshooting [42], and evaluation abilities [54], help to evaluate the individual’s technical skills. Process understanding is assessed by the ability to understand telemedicine and electronic health record management procedures [45], feedback processed with data [31], and aspects of hardware and software processing [70]. Additionally, handling smart devices, apps, smart media [47], data/information processing skills [56], and understanding IT security [61] are imperative yet related and often present together. It is common that healthcare professionals who can cope with new technologies do not have sufficient cyber security knowledge and are the victims of cyber attacks. Therefore, innovative training sessions must be incorporated to ensure cyber resilience [40]. Additionally, internal security audits and IT reviews conducted prior to using any new technology ensure the system’s trouble-free performance for intended use and guarantee cyber resilience [43].The subsequent relevant competence is methodological, which is linked to eight sub-skills. Innovative approaches and mindsets promote creativity. The creative mindset is vital for an organisation’s sustainability and makes them allocate funds for innovation initiatives [43], entrepreneurial thinking [15], problem-solving, decision making, especially in choosing the right technology [70], analytical skills for handlining highly structured data in an efficient manner [42], research skills [39], and efficiency orientation [15], which are the critical professional abilities.The concept of collaborative teamwork demands the ability to work in a team and to be compromising and cooperative with the team. Furthermore, communication and the ability to transfer knowledge determine how well knowledge exchange occurs within a team. Additionally, healthcare workers must possess intercultural skills to overcome breakdowns due to differences in cultures, norms, symbols, or representations [42]. The networking skills present across different workers enable sustaining relationships with the practitioner-corporatised hospitals that sell their services and other public and private healthcare structures inside and outside the region [46]. Finally, the best managers need to coordinate and provide adequate support for the team that lead toward common objectives, which depicts the requirements of leadership skills. We did not observe any studies explicitly discussing the need for language skills, which may be closely related to intercultural and communication skills.When technological change occurs, it is evident that the preoccupied roles of the workers may change based on the new requirements. Therefore, the flexibility to accept newly deployed functions [43] and the motivation to learn about new technologies [35] for clinicians are crucial. These recent changes may have occurred due to the sustainable initiatives presented by the management. Hence, it is expected to possess sustainable mindsets for the workers [43] and to anticipate and manage changes; one must be able to tolerate ambiguities [59]. In addition to routine tasks, individuals may be forced to take care of additional responsibilities, revealing their ability to work under pressure [60]. Finally, compliance requirements, such as the need for licences and accreditations, the implementation of policies, and other region-specific regulatory and ethical obligations, are mandatory [44,46].