Figure 1. Hypothesized model.

Figure 2. Data collection flow chart.

Figure 3. Model (a). The causal relationship between work engagement and personal and professional resources for nurses to work vigorously using a cross-lagged effects model in nurses with less than 10 years of work experience (early-career nurses).

Figure 4. Model (b). The causal relationship between work engagement and personal and professional resources for nurses to work vigorously using a cross-lagged effects model in nurses with more than 10 years of work experience (mid- and later-career nurses).

Table 1. Demographic traits of the participants according to years of work experience (Time 1).

Table 1. Demographic traits of the participants according to years of work experience (Time 1).

Total (n = 403) 0–10 Years (n = 159) 10 Years and More (n = 244) VariablesCategoriesMean ± SDn%Mean ± SDn%Mean ± SD †n%Age 40.1 ± 11.9403 29.5 ± 6.1159100.046.8 ± 8.7244100.0 20–29 9824.3 9761.0 10.0 30–39 11027.3 5434.0 5623.0 40–49 10626.3 42.5 10241.8 50–59 6315.6 31.9 6024.6 60- 266.5 10.6 2510.2SexMale 389.4 2415.1 145.7Female 36590.6 13584.9 23094.3Years of experience in nursing 15.7± 10.5403 5.7 ± 2.7159 22.3 ± 8.2244 Years of experience at the hospital12.1 ± 13.4403 5.9 ± 13.2159 14.7 ± 12.3244 EducationVocational school or junior college 32580.6 10063.7 22592.2Undergraduate or graduate school 7318.1 5736.3 166.6

Table 2. Descriptive statistics for work engagement and personal and professional resources for nurses to work vigorously by years of work experience.

Table 2. Descriptive statistics for work engagement and personal and professional resources for nurses to work vigorously by years of work experience.

Years of Work ExperienceAll
(n = 403)0–10 Years
(n = 159)10 Years and More
(n = 244) Time 1Time 2Time 1Time 2Time 1Time 2VariablesMean ± SD †Mean ± SDMean ± SDMean ± SDMean ± SDMean ± SDUWES ‡ [range: 0–6]2.51 ± 1.022.44 ± 0.882.28 ± 0.992.24 ± 0.882.65 ± 1.012.57 ± 0.86Vigor [range: 0–6]2.25 ± 1.102.21 ± 1.052.04 ± 1.031.96 ± 1.012.39 ± 1.122.37 ± 1.04Dedication [range: 0–6]2.97 ± 1.042.86 ± 1.012.72 ± 1.012.64 ± 1.053.13 ± 1.033.00 ± 0.95Absorption [range: 0–6]2.30 ± 1.172.26 ± 0.832.09 ± 1.132.13 ± 0.832.44 ± 1.172.34 ± 0.83§ PPR-N [range: 0–6]4.08 ± 0.763.97 ± 0.754.09 ± 0.813.94 ± 0.804.07 ± 0.733.98 ± 0.71Peaceful work environment [range: 0–6]4.32 ± 1.014.18 ± 0.944.38 ± 1.054.23 ± 0.994.27 ± 0.984.15 ± 0.91Efforts that lead to good outcomes [range: 0–6]3.73 ± 0.843.64 ±0.863.70 ± 0.923.59 ± 0.923.75 ± 0.783.67 ± 0.82Prospects for moving forward
[range: 0–6]4.19 ± 0.764.08 ± 0.744.15 ± 0.753.95 ± 0.734.22 ± 0.764.16 ± 0.74