Vaccines, Vol. 11, Pages 52: Cell-Based Manufacturing Technology Increases Antigenic Match of Influenza Vaccine and Results in Improved Effectiveness

Figure 1. Seasonal influenza vaccine effectiveness in the US as estimated by the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) [15,16,17,18,19,20,21,22,23,24,25]. (a) Proportions of identified virus types, subtypes, and lineages by year. (b) Adjusted vaccine effectiveness for influenza A strains. (c) Adjusted vaccine effectiveness for influenza B strains. (d) Adjusted overall seasonal effectiveness. Error bars for (bd) indicate adjusted 95% confidence interval. ND, no data. Figure 1. Seasonal influenza vaccine effectiveness in the US as estimated by the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) [15,16,17,18,19,20,21,22,23,24,25]. (a) Proportions of identified virus types, subtypes, and lineages by year. (b) Adjusted vaccine effectiveness for influenza A strains. (c) Adjusted vaccine effectiveness for influenza B strains. (d) Adjusted overall seasonal effectiveness. Error bars for (bd) indicate adjusted 95% confidence interval. ND, no data. Vaccines 11 00052 g001aVaccines 11 00052 g001b Figure 2. CDC-adjusted overall vaccine effectiveness estimates and documented A/H3N2 antigenic match or mismatch each season, as shown in Figure 1 (top), with numbers of US hospitalizations (middle) and deaths (bottom) due to influenza [15,16,17,18,19,20,21,22,23,24,26,27,28,29]. Vaccines 11 00052 g002 Figure 3. Influenza HA protein is a heterodimer comprising HA1 (turquoise) and HA2 (orange) linked though an inter-disulfide (S–S) bond and containing complex-type sialylated N-linked glycans. Cleaved fusion peptides (green) eliminate unique HA epitopes, and complex glycans mask unique epitopes on HA. Modified and reprinted with permission from Arunachalam et al. NPJ Vaccines 2021;6:144 [65]. Creative commons license: https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/, accessed on 1 October 2022. Vaccines 11 00052 g003 Table 1. Comparison of sequence data for HA and NA isolated from virus samples obtained at different stages in the manufacturing process [38] a. Table 1. Comparison of sequence data for HA and NA isolated from virus samples obtained at different stages in the manufacturing process [38] a. Influenza Virus TypeOCS vs. MDCK bOCS/MDCK vs. WVS bHANAHANAA/H1N15/5 identical5/5 identical4/5 identical c5/5 identicalA/H3N25/5 identical4/5 identical d5/5 identical5/5 identicalB/Victoria2/2 identical2/2 identical3/3 identical3/3 identicalB/Yamagata1/1 identical1/1 identical1/1 identical1/1 identical

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