Altwegg R and Reyer HU 2003 Patterns of natural selection on size at metamorphosis in water frogs. Evolution 57 872–882

Google Scholar 

Babbitt KJ 2001 Behaviour and growth of southern leopard frog (Rana sphenocephala) tadpoles: effects of food and predation risk. Can. J. Zool. 79 809–814

Article  Google Scholar 

Barnett HK and Richardson JS 2002 Predation risk and competition effects on the life-history characteristics of larval Oregon spotted frog and larval red-legged frog. Oecologia 132 436–444

Batabyal A, Gosavi SM and Gramapurohit NP 2014 Determining sensitive stages for learning to detect predators in larval bronzed frogs: Importance of alarm cues in learning. J. Biosci. 39 701–710

Article  Google Scholar 

Belden LK, Moore IT, Wingfield JC and Blaustein AR 2005 Corticosterone and growth in pacific treefrog (Hyla regilla) tadpoles. Copeia 2 424–430

Article  Google Scholar 

Benard MF 2004 Predator–induced phenotypic plasticity in organisms with complex life histories. Annu. Rev. Ecol. Evol. Syst. 35 651–673

Article  Google Scholar 

Berven K 1990 Factors affecting population fluctuations in larval and adult stages of the wood frog (Rana sylvatica). Ecology 71 1599–1608

Article  Google Scholar 

Biju SD, Garg S, Mahony S, et al. 2014 DNA barcoding, phylogeny and systematics of Golden-backed frogs (Hylarana, Ranidae) of the Western Ghats-Sri Lanka biodiversity hotspot, with the description of seven new species. Contrib. Zool. 83 269–335

Buskirk JV 2002 Phenotypic lability and the evolution of predator-induced plasticity in tadpoles. Evolution 56 361–370

Google Scholar 

Buskirk JV and Arioli M 2002 Dosage response of an induced defense: how sensitive are tadpoles to predation risk? Ecology 83 1580–1585

Article  Google Scholar 

Chivers DP and Smith RJF 1998 Chemical alarm signalling in aquatic predator-predator systems: a review and prospectus. Ecoscience 5 338–352

Article  Google Scholar 

Crane AL and Ferrari MCO 2017 Evidence for risk extrapolation in decision making by tadpoles. Sci. Rep. 7 43255

Crespi EJ and Denver RJ 2004 Ontogeny of corticotropin-releasing factor effects on locomotion and foraging in the Western spadefoot toad (Spea hammondii). Horm. Behav. 46 399–410

Article  Google Scholar 

Crespi EJ and Denver RJ 2005 Roles of stress hormones in food intake regulation in anuran amphibians throughout the life cycle. Comp. Biochem. Physiol A 14 381–390

Article  Google Scholar 

Crespi EJ, Williams TD, Jessop TS and Delehanty B 2013 Life history and the ecology of stress: how do glucocorticoid hormones influence life-history variation in animals? Funct. Ecol. 27 93–106

Article  Google Scholar 

Davenport JM, Hossack BR and Lowe WH 2014 Partitioning the non-consumptive effects of predators on prey with complex life histories. Oecologia 176 149–155

Article  Google Scholar 

Dijk B, Laurila A, Orizaola G and Johansson F 2016 Is one defense enough? Disentangling the relative importance of morphological and behavioural predator-induced defenses. Behav. Ecol. Sociobiol. 70 237–246

Article  Google Scholar 

Dodson SI, Crowl TA, Peckarsk BL, et al. 1994 Non-visual communication in freshwater benthos: An overview. J. N. Amer. Benthol. Soc. 13 268–282

Article  Google Scholar 

Ferland-Raymond B and Murray DL 2008 Predator diet and prey adaptive responses: can tadpoles distinguish between predators feeding on congeneric vs. conspecific prey? Can. J. Zool. 86 1329–1336

Article  Google Scholar 

Ferrari MC, Wisenden BD and Chivers DP 2010 Chemical ecology of predator–prey interactions in aquatic ecosystems: a review and prospectus. Can. J. Zool. 88 698–724

Article  Google Scholar 

Fonner CW and Woodley SK 2015 Testing the predation stress hypothesis: behavioural and hormonal responses to predator cues in Allegheny Mountain dusky salamanders. Behaviour 152 797–819

Article  Google Scholar 

Fraker ME 2008 The dynamics of predation risk assessment: responses of anuran larvae to chemical cues of predators. J. Anim. Ecol. 77 638–645

Article  Google Scholar 

Fraker ME, Fang H, Cuddapah V, et al. 2009 Characterization of an alarm pheromone secreted by amphibian tadpoles that induce behavioral inhibition and suppression of the neuroendocrine stress axis. Horm. Behav. 55 520–529

Article  Google Scholar 

Fraker ME, Sturt AL, Luttbeg B and Denver RJ 2021 Stress hormone-mediated antipredator morphology improves escape performance in amphibian tadpoles. Sci. Rep. 11 4427

Article  Google Scholar 

Gabriel W, Luttbeg B, Sih A and Tollrian R 2005 Environmental tolerance, heterogeneity and the evolution of reversible plastic responses. Am. Nat. 166 339–353

Article  Google Scholar 

Gazzola A, Brandalise F, Rubolini D, Rossi P and Galeotti P 2015 Fear is the mother of invention: anuran embryos exposed to predator cues alter life-history traits, post-hatching behaviour and neuronal activity patterns. J. Exp. Biol. 218 3919–3930

Google Scholar 

Glennemeier KA and Denver RJ 2002 Role for corticoids in mediating the response of Rana pipens tadpoles to intraspecific competition. J. Exp. Zool. 292 32–40

Article  Google Scholar 

Gosner KL 1960 A simplified table for staging anuran embryos and larvae with notes on identification. Herpetologica 16 183–190

Google Scholar 

Helfman GS 1989 Threat-sensitive predator avoidance in damselfish-trumpetfish interactions. Behav. Ecol. Sociobiol. 24 47–58

Article  Google Scholar 

Hossie TJ and Murray DL 2012 Assessing behavioural and morphological responses of frog tadpoles to temporal variability in predation risk. J. Zool. 288 275–282

Article  Google Scholar 

Joshi AM, Wadekar NV and Gramapurohit NP 2017 Does corticosterone mediate predator-induced responses of larval Hylarana indica? Gen. Comp. Endocrinol. 251 30–37

Article  Google Scholar 

Johansson F 1993 Intraguild predation and cannibalism in odonate larvae: effects of foraging behaviour and availability of zooplankton. Oikos 66 80–87

Article  Google Scholar 

Kats LB and Dill LM 1998 The scent of death: chemosensory assessment of predation risk by prey animals. Ecoscience 5 361–394

Article  Google Scholar 

Kiesecker JM, Chivers DP, Anderson M and Blaustein AR 2002 Effect of predator diet on life history shifts of red-legged frogs, Rana aurora. J. Chem. Ecol. 28 1007–1015

Article  Google Scholar 

Kulkarni PS and Gramapurohit NP 2017 Effect of corticosterone on larval growth, antipredator behaviour and metamorphosis of Hylarana indica. Gen. Comp. Endocrinol. 251 21–29

Article  Google Scholar 

Lamprecht I, Schimolz E and Schricker B 2008 Pheromones in the life of insects. Eur. Biophy. J. 37 1253–1260

Article  Google Scholar 

Lardner B 2000 Morphological and life history responses to predators in larvae of seven anurans. Oikos 88 169–180

Article  Google Scholar 

Lent EM and Babbitt KJ 2020 The effects of hydroperiod and predator density on growth, development and morphology of wood frogs (Rana sylvatica). Aquat. Ecol. 54 369–386

Article  Google Scholar 

Lima SL 1998 Nonlethal effects in the ecology of predator-prey interactions. Bioscience 48 25–34

Article  Google Scholar 

Lima SL and Bednekoff PA 1999 Temporal variation in danger drives antipredator behavior: the predation risk allocation hypothesis. Am. Nat. 153 649–659

Article  Google Scholar 

Lima SL and Dill LM 1990 Behavioural decisions made under the risk of predation: a review and prospectus. Can. J. Zool. 68 619–640

Lind J and Cresswell W 2005 Determining the fitness consequences of antipredation behavior. Behav. Ecol. 16 945–956

Article  Google Scholar 

Maher JM, Werner EE and Denver RJ 2013 Stress hormones mediate predator induced phenotypic plasticity in amphibian tadpoles. Proc. R. Soc. Lond. B. 280 1–9

Google Scholar 

McCoy MW and Bolker BM 2008 Trait-mediated interactions: influence of prey size, density and experience. J. Anim. Ecol. 77 478–486

Article  Google Scholar 

McCoy MW, Bolker BM, Osenberg CW, Miner BG and Vonesh JR 2006 Size correction: comparing morphological traits among populations and environments. Oecologia 148 547–554

Article  Google Scholar 

McCoy MW, Touchon JC, Landberg T, Warkentin KM and Vonesh JR 2012 Prey responses to predator chemical cues: Disentangling the importance of the number and biomass of prey consumed. PLoS One 7 1–5

Article  Google Scholar 

Mirza RS, Mathis A and Chivers DP 2006 Does temporal variation in predation risk influence the intensity of anti-predator responses? A test of the risk allocation hypothesis. Ethology 112 44–51

Article  Google Scholar 

Mitchell MD, Bairos-Novak KR and Ferrari MCO 2017 Mechanisms underlying the control of responses to predator odours in aquatic prey. J. Exp. Biol 220 1937–1946

Article  Google Scholar 

Mogali S, Saidapur SK and Shanbhag BA 2011 Levels of predation modulate antipredator defense behaviour and metamorphic traits in the toad Bufo melanostictus. J. Herpetol. 45 428–431

Article  Google Scholar 

Mogali S, Saidapur SK and Shanbhag BA 2016 Influence of desiccation, predatory cues and density on metamorphic traits of the bronze frog Hylarana temporalis. Amphib-Reptil. 37 199–205

Article  Google Scholar 

Moore IT and Jessop TS 2003 Stress, reproduction and adrenocortical modulation in amphibians and reptiles. Horm. Behav. 43 39–47

Article  Google Scholar 

Narayan EJ, Molinia F, Christi K, Morley C and Cockrem J 2010 Urinary corticosterone metabolite responses to capture and annual patterns of urinary corticosterone in wild and captive endangered Fijian ground frogs (Platymantis vitiana). Austr. J. Zool. 58 189–197

Article  Google Scholar 

Nunes AL, Orizaola G, Laurila A and Rebelo R 2014 Rapid evolution of constitutive and inducible defenses against an invasive predator. Ecology 95 1520–1530

Article  Google Scholar 

Orchinik M 1998 Glucocorticoids, stress and behaviour: shifting the timeframe. Horm. Behav. 34 320–327

Article  Google Scholar 

Pacheco EO, Almeida-Gomes M, Santana DJ and Guariento RD 2019 Space use and phenotypic plasticity in tadpoles under predation risk. Hydrobiologia 837 77–86

Article  Google Scholar 

Padilla DK and Adolph SC 1996 Plastic inducible morphologies are not always adaptive: the importance of time delays in a stochastic environment. Evol. Ecol. 10 105–117

Article  Google Scholar 

Peacor SD and Werner EE 2004 Context dependence of nonlethal effects of a predator on prey growth. Isr. J. Zool. 50 139–167

Article