*Department of Anesthesiology, Columbia University Irving Medical Center, New York, NY

‡Division of Research, Perinatal Research Unit, Kaiser Permanente Northern California, Oakland, CA

†Department of Pediatrics, University of California School of Medicine, San Francisco

This work was presented virtually at the seventh biennial Pediatric Anesthesia Neurodevelopmental Assessment (PANDA) Symposium on February 20, 2022.

The authors have no conflicts of interest to declare.

Address correspondence to: Michael W. Kuzniewicz, MD, MPH. E-mail: [email protected].