Becker A, Held H, Redaelli M et al (2010) Low back pain in primary care. Spine (Phila Pa 1976) 35:1714–1720. https://doi.org/10.1097/BRS.0b013e3181cd656f

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Hestbaek L, Leboeuf-Yde C, Manniche C (2003) Low back pain: what is the long-term course? A review of studies of general patient populations. Eur Spine J 12:149–165. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00586-002-0508-5

Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Gore M, Sadosky A, Stacey BR et al (2012) The burden of chronic low back pain. Spine (Phila Pa 1976) 37:E668–E677. https://doi.org/10.1097/BRS.0b013e318241e5de

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

van der Gaag WH, Enthoven WTM, Luijsterburg PAJ et al (2019) Natural history of back pain in older adults over five years. J Am Board Fam Med 32:781–789. https://doi.org/10.3122/jabfm.2019.06.190041

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

O’Sullivan P, Caneiro JP, O’Keeffe M, O’Sullivan K (2016) Unraveling the complexity of low back pain. J Orthop Sports Phys Ther 46:932–937. https://doi.org/10.2519/jospt.2016.0609

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Goubert D, van Oosterwijck J, Meeus M et al (2016) Structural changes of lumbar muscles in non-specific low back pain. Pain Physician 19:E985–E1000

PubMed  Google Scholar 

Hodges PW, James G, Blomster L et al (2015) Multifidus Muscle changes after back injury are characterized by structural remodeling of muscle, adipose and connective tissue, but not muscle atrophy. Spine (Phila Pa 1976) 40:1057–1071. https://doi.org/10.1097/BRS.0000000000000972

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Niemeläinen R, Briand M-M, Battié MC (2011) Substantial asymmetry in paraspinal muscle cross-sectional area in healthy adults questions its value as a marker of low back pain and pathology. Spine (Phila Pa 1976) 36:2152–2157. https://doi.org/10.1097/BRS.0b013e318204b05a

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Berry DB, Padwal J, Johnson S et al (2018) Methodological considerations in region of interest definitions for paraspinal muscles in axial MRIs of the lumbar spine. BMC Musculoskelet Disord 19:135. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12891-018-2059-x

Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Hamrick MW, McGee-Lawrence ME, Frechette DM (2016) Fatty infiltration of skeletal muscle: mechanisms and comparisons with bone marrow adiposity. Front Endocrinol (Lausanne). https://doi.org/10.3389/fendo.2016.00069

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Konopka AR, Wolff CA, Suer MK, Harber MP (2018) Relationship between intermuscular adipose tissue infiltration and myostatin before and after aerobic exercise training. Am J Physiol Integr Comp Physiol 315:R461–R468. https://doi.org/10.1152/ajpregu.00030.2018

Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

Mengiardi B, Schmid MR, Boos N et al (2006) Fat content of lumbar paraspinal muscles in patients with chronic low back pain and in asymptomatic volunteers: quantification with MR spectroscopy. Radiology 240:786–792. https://doi.org/10.1148/radiol.2403050820

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Kjaer P, Bendix T, Sorensen JS et al (2007) Are MRI-defined fat infiltrations in the multifidus muscles associated with low back pain? BMC Med 5:2. https://doi.org/10.1186/1741-7015-5-2

Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Teichtahl AJ, Urquhart DM, Wang Y et al (2015) Fat infiltration of paraspinal muscles is associated with low back pain, disability, and structural abnormalities in community-based adults. Spine J 15:1593–1601. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.spinee.2015.03.039

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Chang J-W, Chen Y-A, Wang S-W et al (2015) Relationship between paraspinal muscles fat infiltration and daily activity function in patients with lumbar spinal stenosis. Physiotherapy 101:e214. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.physio.2015.03.382

Article  Google Scholar 

Hildebrandt M, Fankhauser G, Meichtry A, Luomajoki H (2016) Correlation between lumbar dysfunction and fat infiltration in lumbar multifidus muscles in patients with low back pain. Man Ther. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.math.2016.05.157

Article  Google Scholar 

Gordon R, Bloxham S (2016) A systematic review of the effects of exercise and physical activity on non-specific chronic low back pain. Healthcare 4:22. https://doi.org/10.3390/healthcare4020022

Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Pedersen BK, Febbraio MA (2008) Muscle as an endocrine organ: focus on muscle-derived interleukin-6. Physiol Rev 88:1379–1406. https://doi.org/10.1152/physrev.90100.2007

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Shahtahmassebi B, Hebert JJ, Stomski NJ et al (2014) The effect of exercise training on lower trunk muscle morphology. Sport Med 44:1439–1458. https://doi.org/10.1007/s40279-014-0213-7

Article  Google Scholar 

Moher D, Liberati A, Tetzlaff J, Altman DG (2009) Preferred reporting items for systematic reviews and meta-analyses: the PRISMA statement. BMJ 339:b2535–b2535. https://doi.org/10.1136/bmj.b2535

Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Fortin M, Omidyeganeh M, Battié MC et al (2017) Evaluation of an automated thresholding algorithm for the quantification of paraspinal muscle composition from MRI images. Biomed Eng Online 16:61. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12938-017-0350-y

Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Engelke K, Museyko O, Wang L, Laredo J-D (2018) Quantitative analysis of skeletal muscle by computed tomography imaging—State of the art. J Orthop Transl 15:91–103. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jot.2018.10.004

Article  Google Scholar 

Higgins JPT, Altman DG, Gotzsche PC et al (2011) The Cochrane Collaboration’s tool for assessing risk of bias in randomised trials. BMJ 343:d5928–d5928. https://doi.org/10.1136/bmj.d5928

Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Sterne JA, Hernán MA, Reeves BC et al (2016) ROBINS-I: a tool for assessing risk of bias in non-randomised studies of interventions. BMJ 355:i4919. https://doi.org/10.1136/bmj.i4919

Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Hoffmann TC, Glasziou PP, Boutron I et al (2014) Better reporting of interventions: template for intervention description and replication (TIDieR) checklist and guide. BMJ 348:g1687–g1687. https://doi.org/10.1136/bmj.g1687

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Cohen J (1992) A power primer. Psychol Bull 112:155–159. https://doi.org/10.1037/0033-2909.112.1.155

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Higgins JPT (2003) Measuring inconsistency in meta-analyses. BMJ 327:557–560. https://doi.org/10.1136/bmj.327.7414.557

Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Gagnier JJ, Moher D, Boon H et al (2012) Investigating clinical heterogeneity in systematic reviews: a methodologic review of guidance in the literature. BMC Med Res Methodol 12:111. https://doi.org/10.1186/1471-2288-12-111

Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Furlan AD, Pennick V, Bombardier C, van Tulder M (2009) 2009 Updated method guidelines for systematic reviews in the cochrane back review group. Spine (Phila Pa 1976) 34:1929–1941. https://doi.org/10.1097/BRS.0b013e3181b1c99f

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Keller A, Brox JI, Gunderson R et al (2004) Trunk muscle strength, cross-sectional area, and density in patients with chronic low back pain randomized to lumbar fusion or cognitive intervention and exercises. Spine (Phila Pa 1976) 29:3–8. https://doi.org/10.1097/01.BRS.0000103946.26548.EB

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Storheim K, Holm I, Gunderson R et al (2003) The effect of comprehensive group training on cross-sectional area, density, and strength of paraspinal muscles in patients sick-listed for subacute low back pain. J Spinal Disord Tech 16:271–279. https://doi.org/10.1097/00024720-200306000-00008

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Mooney V, Gulick J, Perlman M et al (1997) Relationships between myoelectric activity, strength, and MRI of lumbar extensor muscles in back pain patients and normal subjects. J Spinal Disord. https://doi.org/10.1097/00002517-199708000-00011

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Willemink MJ, van Es HW, Helmhout PH et al (2012) The effects of dynamic isolated lumbar extensor training on lumbar multifidus functional cross-sectional area and functional status of patients with chronic nonspecific low back pain. Spine (Phila Pa 1976) 37:E1651–E1658. https://doi.org/10.1097/BRS.0b013e318274fb2f

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Berry DB, Padwal J, Johnson S et al (2019) The effect of high-intensity resistance exercise on lumbar musculature in patients with low back pain: a preliminary study. BMC Musculoskelet Disord 20:290. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12891-019-2658-1

Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Welch N, Moran K, Antony J et al (2015) The effects of a free-weight-based resistance training intervention on pain, squat biomechanics and MRI-defined lumbar fat infiltration and functional cross-sectional area in those with chronic low back. BMJ Open Sport Exerc Med. https://doi.org/10.1136/bmjsem-2015-000050

Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Hodges PW, Bailey JF, Fortin M, Battié MC (2021) Paraspinal muscle imaging measurements for common spinal disorders: review and consensus-based recommendations from the ISSLS degenerative spinal phenotypes group. Eur Spine J 30:3428–3441. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00586-021-06990-2

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Addison O, Marcus RL, LaStayo PC, Ryan AS (2014) Intermuscular fat: a review of the consequences and causes. Int J Endocrinol 2014:1–11. https://doi.org/10.1155/2014/309570

Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

Bird SR, Hawley JA (2017) Update on the effects of physical activity on insulin sensitivity in humans. BMJ Open Sport Exerc Med 2:e000143. https://doi.org/10.1136/bmjsem-2016-000143

Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Purdom T, Kravitz L, Dokladny K, Mermier C (2018) Understanding the factors that effect maximal fat oxidation. J Int Soc