Pathogens, Vol. 11, Pages 1460: Tracing the Genetic Evolution of Canine Parvovirus Type 2 (CPV-2) in Thailand

Conceptualization, K.R.; methodology, K.R. and T.J.; data curation, K.R. and T.J.; formal analysis, K.R. and T.J.; investigation, T.J., K.R. and S.R.; resources, S.R. and H.R.G.; project administration, K.R.; supervision, K.R.; validation, K.R. and T.J.; visualization, K.R.; writing—original draft preparation, K.R.; writing—review and editing, K.R. and H.R.G. All authors have read and agreed to the published version of the manuscript.

Figure 1. Distribution of CPV-2 variants in Thailand. (a) A schematic diagram described the workflow of sample acquisition and analysis. (b) Temporal distributions of CPV-2a (red dot), CPV-2b (black dot), and CPV-2c (blue dot) variants from 2003 to 2019 are illustrated in a line chart in which years and percentages are shown on the X- and Y-axis, respectively. (c) Overall proportions of CPV-2a (red), CPV-2b (black), and CPV-2c (blue) are depicted in a pie chart by numbers and percentages.

Figure 1. Distribution of CPV-2 variants in Thailand. (a) A schematic diagram described the workflow of sample acquisition and analysis. (b) Temporal distributions of CPV-2a (red dot), CPV-2b (black dot), and CPV-2c (blue dot) variants from 2003 to 2019 are illustrated in a line chart in which years and percentages are shown on the X- and Y-axis, respectively. (c) Overall proportions of CPV-2a (red), CPV-2b (black), and CPV-2c (blue) are depicted in a pie chart by numbers and percentages.

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Figure 2. Temporal distribution and phylogenetic analysis of CPV-2a variant. (a) Four VP2 amino acid residues were used for characterizing CPV-2a into five unique patterns, including (1) no mutation (80R,267F,324Y, and T440T; yellow), (2) single mutation (Y324I; green), (3) two mutations (Y324I and T440A; gray), (4) three mutations (F267Y, Y324I, and T440A; blue), and (5) four mutations (R80T, F267Y, Y324I, and T440A; purple). (b) A line chart demonstrates the temporal distributions of CPV-2a mutation patterns in which years and percentages are shown on the X- and Y-axis, respectively. (c) A circular phylogenetic tree depicts CPV-2a amino acid sequences clustered into clade I (blue dot), clade II (pink dot), and clade III (gray dot). (d) A circular cladogram illustrates CPV-2a nucleotide sequences. Tree scales (0.01 and 0.1) indicate branch length shown in the top left corner. Colored highlights and texts corresponding to five mutation patterns are shown in Thai CPV-2a and representative sequences, respectively.

Figure 2. Temporal distribution and phylogenetic analysis of CPV-2a variant. (a) Four VP2 amino acid residues were used for characterizing CPV-2a into five unique patterns, including (1) no mutation (80R,267F,324Y, and T440T; yellow), (2) single mutation (Y324I; green), (3) two mutations (Y324I and T440A; gray), (4) three mutations (F267Y, Y324I, and T440A; blue), and (5) four mutations (R80T, F267Y, Y324I, and T440A; purple). (b) A line chart demonstrates the temporal distributions of CPV-2a mutation patterns in which years and percentages are shown on the X- and Y-axis, respectively. (c) A circular phylogenetic tree depicts CPV-2a amino acid sequences clustered into clade I (blue dot), clade II (pink dot), and clade III (gray dot). (d) A circular cladogram illustrates CPV-2a nucleotide sequences. Tree scales (0.01 and 0.1) indicate branch length shown in the top left corner. Colored highlights and texts corresponding to five mutation patterns are shown in Thai CPV-2a and representative sequences, respectively.

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Figure 3. Distribution and phylogenetic analysis of the CPV-2b variant. (a) Four mutation patterns of CPV-2b were categorized based on three VP2 amino acid residues, including (1) no mutation (267F, 324Y, and 440T; yellow), (2) single mutation (Y324I; green), (3) two mutations (F267Y and Y324I; gray) and (4) three mutations (F267Y, Y324I, and T440A; blue). (b) Distributions of CPV-2b mutation patterns are shown in a line chart in which years and percentages are indicated on the X- and Y-axis, respectively. (c) A circular cladogram consists of five distinct clades. Clade I to V are displayed in blue, pink, yellow, purple, and green dots, respectively. Tree scale (0.01) indicates branch length shown in the top left corner. Colored highlights and texts corresponding to four mutation patterns are shown in the sequences derived from Thai CPV-2b and representative sequences, respectively.

Figure 3. Distribution and phylogenetic analysis of the CPV-2b variant. (a) Four mutation patterns of CPV-2b were categorized based on three VP2 amino acid residues, including (1) no mutation (267F, 324Y, and 440T; yellow), (2) single mutation (Y324I; green), (3) two mutations (F267Y and Y324I; gray) and (4) three mutations (F267Y, Y324I, and T440A; blue). (b) Distributions of CPV-2b mutation patterns are shown in a line chart in which years and percentages are indicated on the X- and Y-axis, respectively. (c) A circular cladogram consists of five distinct clades. Clade I to V are displayed in blue, pink, yellow, purple, and green dots, respectively. Tree scale (0.01) indicates branch length shown in the top left corner. Colored highlights and texts corresponding to four mutation patterns are shown in the sequences derived from Thai CPV-2b and representative sequences, respectively.

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Figure 4. Temporal distribution and phylogenetic analysis of CPV-2c variant. (a) Three mutation patterns of CPV-2c were categorized based on three VP2 amino acid residues, including (1) no mutation (5A and 447I; yellow), (2) single mutation (A5G; green), and (3) two mutations (A5G and I447M; gray). (b) The percentages of each mutation pattern from 2016 to 2019 are shown in a line chart. (c) Clade I, European CPV-2c clade, and Asian CPV-2c clade are shown in gray, blue, and pink dots, respectively. Tree scale (0.01) indicates branch length shown in the top left corner. Colored highlights and texts corresponding to three mutation patterns are shown in the sequences derived from Thai CPV-2c and representative sequences, respectively.

Figure 4. Temporal distribution and phylogenetic analysis of CPV-2c variant. (a) Three mutation patterns of CPV-2c were categorized based on three VP2 amino acid residues, including (1) no mutation (5A and 447I; yellow), (2) single mutation (A5G; green), and (3) two mutations (A5G and I447M; gray). (b) The percentages of each mutation pattern from 2016 to 2019 are shown in a line chart. (c) Clade I, European CPV-2c clade, and Asian CPV-2c clade are shown in gray, blue, and pink dots, respectively. Tree scale (0.01) indicates branch length shown in the top left corner. Colored highlights and texts corresponding to three mutation patterns are shown in the sequences derived from Thai CPV-2c and representative sequences, respectively.

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