Faes L, Rosenblatt A, Schwartz R, Touhami S, Ventura CV, Chatziralli IP, et al. Overcoming barriers of retinal care delivery during a pandemic-attitudes and drivers for the implementation of digital health: a global expert survey. Br J Ophthalmol. 2021;105:1738–43.

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Herzlinger RE. Why innovation in health care is so hard. Harv Bus Rev. 2006. https://hbr.org/2006/05/why-innovation-in-health-care-is-so-hard

Hjelm NM. Benefits and drawbacks of telemedicine. J Telemed Telecare. 2005;11:60–70.

Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

Wasan KM, Berry L, Kalra J. Physician centric healthcare: is it time for a paradigm shift? J R Soc Med. 2017;110:295–6.

Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Noah B, Keller MS, Mosadeghi S, Stein L, Johl S, Delshad S, et al. Impact of remote patient monitoring on clinical outcomes: an updated meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials. NPJ Digit Med. 2018;1:20172.

Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Polinski JM, Kowal MK, Gagnon M, Brennan TA, Shrank WH. Home infusion: Safe, clinically effective, patient preferred, and cost saving. Health. 2017;5:68–80.

Article  Google Scholar 

Abramoff MD, Lavin PT, Birch M, Shah N, Folk JC. Pivotal trial of an autonomous AI-based diagnostic system for detection of diabetic retinopathy in primary care offices. NPJ Digit Med. 2018;1:39.

Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Chopra R, Wagner SK, Keane PA. Optical coherence tomography in the 2020s-outside the eye clinic. Eye. 2021;35:236–43.

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Choremis J, Chow DR. Use of telemedicine in screening for diabetic retinopathy. Can J Ophthalmol. 2003;38:575–9.

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Faes L, Fu DJ, Huemer J, Kern C, Wagner SK, Fasolo S, et al. A virtual-clinic pathway for patients referred from a national diabetes eye screening programme reduces service demands whilst maintaining quality of care. Eye. 2021;35:2260–9.

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Faes L, Islam M, Bachmann LM, Lienhard KR, Schmid MK, Sim DA. False alarms and the positive predictive value of smartphone-based hyperacuity home monitoring for the progression of macular disease: a prospective cohort study. Eye. 2021;35:3035–40.

Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Gross N, Bachmann LM, Islam M, Faes L, Schmid MK, Thiel MA, et al. Visual outcomes and treatment adherence of patients with macular pathology using a mobile hyperacuity home-monitoring app: a matched-pair analysis. BMJ Open. 2021;11:e056940.

Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Group AHSR, Chew EY, Clemons TE, Bressler SB, Elman MJ, Danis RP, et al. Randomized trial of a home monitoring system for early detection of choroidal neovascularization home monitoring of the Eye (HOME) study. Ophthalmology 2014;121:535–44.

Article  Google Scholar 

Gupta A, Cavallerano J, Sun JK, Silva PS. Evidence for Telemedicine for Diabetic Retinal Disease. Semin Ophthalmol. 2017;32:22–8.

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Islam M, Sansome S, Das R, Lukic M, Chong Teo KY, Tan G, et al. Smartphone-based remote monitoring of vision in macular disease enables early detection of worsening pathology and need for intravitreal therapy. BMJ Health Care Inform. 2021;28:1–7.

Keenan TDL, Goldstein M, Goldenberg D, Zur D, Shulman S, Loewenstein A. Prospective, longitudinal pilot study: daily self-imaging with patient-operated home OCT in neovascular age-related macular degeneration. Ophthalmol Sci. 2021;1. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.xops.2021.100034.

Korot E, Pontikos N, Drawnel FM, Jaber A, Fu DJ, Zhang G, et al. Enablers and barriers to deployment of smartphone-based home vision monitoring in clinical practice settings. JAMA Ophthalmol. 2022;140:153–60.

Maloca P, Hasler PW, Barthelmes D, Arnold P, Matthias M, Scholl HPN, et al. Safety and feasibility of a novel sparse optical coherence tomography device for patient-delivered retina home monitoring. Transl Vis Sci Technol. 2018;7:8.

Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Scanlon PH. The English National Screening Programme for diabetic retinopathy 2003-2016. Acta Diabetol. 2017;54:515–25.

Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Schmid MK, Thiel MA, Lienhard K, Schlingemann RO, Faes L, Bachmann LM. Reliability and diagnostic performance of a novel mobile app for hyperacuity self-monitoring in patients with age-related macular degeneration. Eye. 2019;33:1584–9.

Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Shi L, Wu H, Dong J, Jiang K, Lu X, Shi J. Telemedicine for detecting diabetic retinopathy: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Br J Ophthalmol. 2015;99:823–31.

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Vukicevic M, Heraghty J, Cummins R, Gopinath B, Mitchell P. Caregiver perceptions about the impact of caring for patients with wet age-related macular degeneration. Eye. 2016;30:413–21.

Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

Westborg I, Rosso A. Risk factors for discontinuation of treatment for neovascular age-related macular degeneration. Ophthalmic Epidemiol. 2018;25:176–82.

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Teo KYC, Bachmann LM, Sim D, Lee SY, Tan A, Wong TY, et al. Patterns and characteristics of a clinical implementation of a self-monitoring program for retina diseases during the COVID-19 pandemic. Ophthalmol Retin. 2021;5:1245–53.

Article  Google Scholar 

Patel S, Hamdan S, Donahue S. Optimising telemedicine in ophthalmology during the COVID-19 pandemic. J Telemed Telecare. 2022;28:498–501.

Ogurtsova K, da Rocha Fernandes JD, Huang Y, Linnenkamp U, Guariguata L, Cho NH, et al. IDF Diabetes Atlas: global estimates for the prevalence of diabetes for 2015 and 2040. Diabetes Res Clin Pract. 2017;128:40–50.

Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

Wong WL, Su X, Li X, Cheung CM, Klein R, Cheng CY, et al. Global prevalence of age-related macular degeneration and disease burden projection for 2020 and 2040: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Lancet Glob Health 2014;2:e106–16.

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Chopra R, Preston GC, Keenan TDL, Mulholland P, Patel PJ, Balaskas K, et al. Intravitreal injections: past trends and future projections within a UK tertiary hospital. Eye. 2022;36:1373–8.

Apellis Pharmaceuticals I. Study to compare the efficacy and safety of intravitreal APL-2 therapy with sham injections in patients with geographic atrophy (GA) secondary to age-related macular degeneration. 2021. https://www.clinicaltrialsgov/ct2/show/NCT03525600.

Heier JS, Khanani AM, Quezada Ruiz C, Basu K, Ferrone PJ, Brittain C, et al. Efficacy, durability, and safety of intravitreal faricimab up to every 16 weeks for neovascular age-related macular degeneration (TENAYA and LUCERNE): two randomised, double-masked, phase 3, non-inferiority trials. Lancet. 2022;399:729–40.

Holekamp NM, Campochiaro PA, Chang MA, Miller D, Pieramici D, Adamis AP, et al. Archway randomized phase 3 trial of the port delivery system with ranibizumab for neovascular age-related macular degeneration. Ophthalmology. 2022;129:295–307.

Wykoff CC, Abreu F, Adamis AP, Basu K, Eichenbaum DA, Haskova Z, et al. Efficacy, durability, and safety of intravitreal faricimab with extended dosing up to every 16 weeks in patients with diabetic macular oedema (YOSEMITE and RHINE): two randomised, double-masked, phase 3 trials. Lancet. 2022;399:741–55.

Kuhn TS. The Structure of Scientific Revolutions. Chicago: University of Chicago Press; 1970.

Ho AC, Heier JS, Holekamp NM, Garfinkel RA, Ladd B, Awh CC, et al. Real-world performance of a self-operated home monitoring system for early detection of neovascular age-related macular degeneration. J Clin Med. 2021;10:1355.

Geschwindner H. 2021. https://www.gerontologieblog.ch/augenmobil-bringt-die-augenheilkunde-ins-pflegezentrum/.

Jones L, Bryan SR, Miranda MA, Crabb DP, Kotecha A. Example of monitoring measurements in a virtual eye clinic using ‘big data’. Br J Ophthalmol. 2018;102:911–5.

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Kern C, Fu DJ, Kortuem K, Huemer J, Barker D, Davis A, et al. Implementation of a cloud-based referral platform in ophthalmology: making telemedicine services a reality in eye care. Br J Ophthalmol. 2020;104:312–7.

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Saleem SM, Pasquale LR, Sidoti PA, Tsai JC. Virtual ophthalmology: telemedicine in a COVID-19 era. Am J Ophthalmol. 2020;216:237–42.

Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  CAS  Google Scholar