Nutrients, Vol. 14, Pages 5123: Metabolically Healthy Obesity and Carotid Plaque among Steelworkers in North China: The Role of Inflammation

Figure 1. Flowchart of the participant selection.

Figure 1. Flowchart of the participant selection.

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Figure 2. Association of the continuous metrics of BMI and metabolic indicators and the odds of carotid plaque from RCS models. Point estimates of OR or difference, upper and lower 95% Cis, and knots are indicated by red solid lines, grey long dashed lines, grey short dashed lines, and green dots respectively. Adjusted for age, sex, educational level, smoking status, drinking status, physical activity, DASH score, diabetes status, and hs-CRP. BMI, body mass index; SBP, systolic blood pressure; DBP, diastolic blood pressure; FBG, fasting blood glucose, TG, triglycerides; HDL-C, high-density lipoprotein cholesterol.

Figure 2. Association of the continuous metrics of BMI and metabolic indicators and the odds of carotid plaque from RCS models. Point estimates of OR or difference, upper and lower 95% Cis, and knots are indicated by red solid lines, grey long dashed lines, grey short dashed lines, and green dots respectively. Adjusted for age, sex, educational level, smoking status, drinking status, physical activity, DASH score, diabetes status, and hs-CRP. BMI, body mass index; SBP, systolic blood pressure; DBP, diastolic blood pressure; FBG, fasting blood glucose, TG, triglycerides; HDL-C, high-density lipoprotein cholesterol.

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Table 1. Essential features based on carotid plaque.

Table 1. Essential features based on carotid plaque.

VariablesOverallWithout PlaqueWith Plaquep Valuen = 3467n = 2423n = 1044Age (years), n (%) <0.00122–39726 (20.9)654 (27.0)72 (6.9) 40–491425 (41.1)1056 (43.6)369 (35.3) 50–601316 (38.0)713 (29.4)603 (57.8) Education level, n (%) <0.001Primary or Middle1021 (29.5)598 (24.7)423 (40.5) High school or college1827 (52.7)1308 (54.0)519 (49.17) University and above619 (17.9)517 (21.3)102 (9.8) BMI (kg/m2) 0.120<251738 (50.1)1236 (51.0)502 (48.1) ≥251729 (49.9)1187 (49.0)542 (51.9) Diabetes status <0.001No, n (%)3000 (86.5)2165 (89.4)835 (80.0) Yes, n (%)467 (13.5)258 (10.6)209 (20.0) Lifestyle factors Smoking status, n (%) <0.001Never/Ever1665 (48.0)1240 (51.2)425 (40.7) Current1802 (52.0)1183 (48.8)619 (59.3) Drinking status, n (%) <0.001Never/Ever2139 (61.7)1599 (66.0)540 (51.7) Current1328 (38.3)824 (34.0)504 (48.3) Physical activity, n (%) 0.901Low/Moderate282 (8.2)198 (8.2)84 (8.0) High3185 (91.9)2225 (91.8)960 (92.0) DASH score, mean (SD)21.6 (2.4)21.6 (2.3)21.6 (2.5)0.793Blood pressure (mmHg) SBP, mean (SD)129.5 (16.5)127.1 (15.6)135.3 (17.2)<0.001DBP, mean (SD)82.8 (10.6)81.5 (10.3)85.8 (10.8)<0.001Age (years), mean (SD)46.0 (7.9)44.3 (8.0)49.9 (5.9)<0.001BMI (kg/m2), mean (SD)25.2 (3.3)25.1 (3.3)25.4 (3.2)0.014Lipid profiles (mmol/L) TC, mean (SD)5.2 (1.0)5.0 (0.9)5.4 (1.0)<0.001TG, median (IQR)1.3 (0.9–1.9)1.3 (0.9–1.10)1.4 (0.9–2.0)0.003HDL-C, mean (SD)1.3 (0.3)1.3 (0.3)1.4 (0.3)0.007LDL-C, mean (SD)3.3 (0.9)3.1 (0.8)3.5 (0.9)<0.001FBG (mmol/L), mean (SD)6.1 (1.4)6.0 (1.2)6.4 (1.7)<0.001hs-CRP (mg/dL), median (IQR)0.01 (0.00–0.07)0.01 (0.00–0.06)0.02 (0.00–0.10)<0.001

Table 2. Multifactorial logistic regression analyses for carotid plaque according to the obesity phenotypes.

Table 2. Multifactorial logistic regression analyses for carotid plaque according to the obesity phenotypes.

MHNOMUNOMHOMUOCases/number (%)48/336 (14.3)454/1402 (32.4)20/86 (18.9)522/1623 (46.8)Model 11.002.87 (2.08 to 3.98)1.40 (0.79 to 2.48)2.85 (2.06 to 3.93)Model 21.002.01 (1.43 to 2.82)1.28 (0.70 to 2.33)2.07 (1.47 to 2.90)Model 31.001.94 (1.38 to 2.74)1.30 (0.71 to 2.39)2.02 (1.44 to 2.84)Model 41.001.83 (1.29 to 2.58)1.27 (0.69 to 2.32)1.81 (1.28 to 2.56)

Table 3. Multifactorial logistic regression analyses for carotid plaque according to BMI, metabolic abnormality components, and metabolically healthy status.

Table 3. Multifactorial logistic regression analyses for carotid plaque according to BMI, metabolic abnormality components, and metabolically healthy status.

Model 1Model 2Model 3Model 4BMI (kg/m2) <251.001.001.001.00≥251.12 (0.97 to 1.30)1.11 (0.95 to 1.30)1.08 (0.93 to 1.30)1.05 (0.90 to 1.23)Metabolic abnormality components BP2.29 (1.95 to 2.67)1.87 (1.59 to 2.21)1.76 (1.49 to 2.09)1.75 (1.48 to 2.07)FBG1.87 (1.59 to 2.21)1.48 (1.24 to 1.77)1.37 (1.14 to 1.64)1.36 (1.13 to 1.63)TG1.18 (1.02 to 1.38)1.15 (0.98 to 1.36)1.08 (0.91 to 1.27)1.06 (0.89 to 1.25)HDL-C0.74 (0.61 to 0.91)0.85 (0.68 to 1.05)0.85 (0.68 to 1.05)0.83 (0.67 to 1.02)Metabolic abnormality number 01.001.001.001.0011.84 (1.37 to 2.47)1.49 (1.10 to 2.03)1.44 (1.06 to 1.97)1.43 (1.05 to 1.95)22.67 (2.01 to 3.56)1.92 (1.42 to 2.59)1.75 (1.29 to 2.37)1.72 (1.27 to 2.34)33.06 (2.26 to 4.15)2.21 (1.61 to 3.05)1.96 (1.41 to 2.71)1.91 (1.37 to 2.65)43.05 (2.26 to 4.53)2.38 (1.57 to 3.61)2.08 (1.37 to 3.17)2.02 (1.32 to 3.08)

Table 4. Multifactorial logistic regression analyses for carotid plaque according to the obesity phenotypes and inflammation.

Table 4. Multifactorial logistic regression analyses for carotid plaque according to the obesity phenotypes and inflammation.

hs-CRP (mg/dL)Obesity PhenotypeCarotid PlaqueOR (95% CI)No, (n (%))Yes, (n (%))≤0.01MHNO212 (8.6)31 (3.0)1.00≤0.01MUNO596 (24.6)275 (26.3)2.17 (1.42 to 3.31)≤0.01MHO39 (1.6)12 (1.2)1.76 (0.80 to 3.88)≤0.01MUO454 (18.7)190 (18.2)1.87 (1.21 to 2.88)>0.01MHNO76 (3.1)17 (1.6)1.60 (0.81 to 3.15)>0.01MUNO352 (14.5)179 (17.2)2.09 (1.35 to 3.25)>0.01MHO47 (1.9)8 (0.8)1.24 (0.52 to 3.00)>0.01MUO647 (26.7)332 (31.7)2.41 (1.58 to 3.67)

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