Ephraim PL, Wegener ST, MacKenzie EJ, Dillingham TR, Pezzin LE. Phantom pain, residual limb pain, and back pain in amputees: results of a national survey. Arch Phys Med Rehabil. 2005;86(10):1910–9.

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Chapman Richard, Vierck Charles J. Postamputation pain epidemiology, mechanisms, and treatment. J Pain Res. 2013;6:121–36.

Google Scholar 

Tian Y, Wang S, Ma Y, Lim G, Kim H, Mao J. Leptin enhances NMDA-induced spinal excitation in rats: A functional link between adipocytokine and neuropathic pain. Pain. 2011;152(6):1263–71.

Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Segar AH, Fairbank JCT, Urban J. Leptin, and the intervertebral disc: a biochemical link exists between obesity, intervertebral disc degeneration and low back pain-an in vitro study in a bovine model. Eur Spine J. 2019;28(2):214–23.

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Kinfe TM, Buchfelder M, Chaudhry SR, et al. Leptin and associated mediators of immunometabolic signaling: Novel molecular outcome measures for neurostimulation to treat chronic pain. Int J Mol Sci. 2019;20(19):4737.

Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Sun L, Lv Y, Tian J, et al. Regular swimming exercise attenuated neuroma pain in rats: involvement of leptin and adiponectin. J Pain. 2019;20(9):1112–24.

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Dileo C. Effects of music and music therapy on medical patients: a meta-analysis of the research and implications for the future. J Soc Integr Oncol. 2006;4(2):67–70.

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Risch M, Scherg H, Verres R. Music therapy for chronic headaches evaluation of music therapeutic groups for patients suffering from chronic headaches. Schmerz. 2001;15(2):116–25.

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Cepeda MS, Carr DB, Lau J, Alvarez H. Music for pain relief. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2006;19(2):CD004843.

Google Scholar 

Wiśniewska M, Janczarek I, Wilk I, Wnuk-Pawlak E. Use of music therapy in aiding the relaxation of geriatric horses. J Equine Vet Sci. 2019;78:89–93.

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Smitka K, Maresova D. Adipose tissue as an endocrine organ: An update on the pro-inflammatory and anti-inflammatory microenvironment. Prague Med Rep. 2015;116:87–111.

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Zhang Y, Proenca R, Maffei M, Barone M, Leopold L, Friedman JM. Positional cloning of the mouse obese gene and its human homologue. Nature. 1994;372(6505):425–32.

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Ouchi N, Parker JL, Lugus JJ, Walsh K. Adipokines in inflammation and metabolic disease. Nat Rev Immunol. 2011;11(2):85–97.

Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Dorsi MJ, Chen L, Murinson BB, Pogatzki-Zahn EM, Meyer RA, Belzberg AJ. The tibial neuroma transposition (TNT) model of neuroma pain and hyperalgesia. Pain. 2008;134(3):320–34.

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Chaplan SR, Bach FW, Pogrel JW, Chung JM, Yaksh TL. Quantitative assessment of tactile allodynia in the rat paw. J Neurosci Methods. 1994;53(1):55–63.

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Hargreaves K, Dubner R, Brown F, Flores C, Joris J. A new and sensitive method for measuring thermal nociception in cutaneous hyperalgesia. Pain. 1988;32(1):77–88.

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Craig JD. The effects of musical training and cerebral asymmetries on the perception of an auditory illusion. Cortex. 1979;15(4):671–7.

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Dileo C. Effects of music and music therapy on medical patients: a meta-analysis of the research and implications for the future. J Soc Integr Oncol. 2006;4(2):67–70.

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Risch M, Scherg H, Verres R. Music therapy for chronic headaches Evaluation of music therapeutic groups for patients suffering from chronic headaches. Schmerz. 2001;15(2):116–25 (German).

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Acharya UR., Joseph KP, Kannathal N, Min LC, Suri JS. Heart rate variability. Advances in cardiac signal processing. Springer, Berlin, Heidelberg. 2007. p. 121–65.

Von Borell E, Langbein J, Després G, et al. Heart rate variability as a measure of autonomic regulation of cardiac activity for assessing stress and welfare in farm animals—a review. Physiol Behav. 2007;92(3):293–316.

Article  Google Scholar 

Mitterschiffthaler MT, Fu CH, Dalton JA, Andrew CM, Williams SC. A functional MRI study of happy and sad affective states induced by classical music. Hum Brain Mapp. 2007;28(11):1150–62.

Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Lim G, Wang S, Zhang Y, Tian Y, Mao J. Spinal leptin contributes to the pathogenesis of neuropathic pain in rodents. J Clin Invest. 2009;119(2):295–304.

CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Tian Y, Wang S, Ma Y, Lim G, Kim H, Mao J. Leptin enhances NMDA-induced spinal excitation in rats: a functional link between adipocytokine and neuropathic pain. Pain. 2011;152(6):1263–71.

Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Fu R, Han F, Liu L, Yu F, Gui Z, Wang X, Li B, Fang B, Xia L. The effects of leptin on the proliferation and differentiation of primary chondrocytes in vitro and cartilage regeneration in vivo. ACS Biomater Sci Eng. 2019;5(4):1907–19.

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Li X, Liu X, Wang Y, Cao F, Chen Z, Hu Z, Yu B, Feng H, Ba Z, Liu T, Li H, Jiang B, Huang Y, Li L, Wu D. Intervertebral disc degeneration in mice with type II diabetes induced by leptin receptor defificiency. BMC Musculoskelet Disord. 2020;21(1):77.

Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Polyzos SA, Mantzoros CS. Leptin in health and disease: facts and expectations at its twentieth anniversary. Metab. 2015;64(1):5–12.

Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

Paiva ES, Andretta A, Batista ED, Lobo MMMT, Miranda RC, Nisihara R, Schieferdecker MEM, Boguszewski CL. Serum levels of leptin and adiponectin and clinical parameters in women with fibromyalgia and overweight/obesity. Arch Endocrinol Metab. 2017;61(3):249–56.

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Münzberg H, Morrison CD. Structure, production, and signaling of leptin. Metab. 2015;64(1):13–23.

Article  Google Scholar 

Park HK, Ahima RS. Physiology of leptin: energy homeostasis, neuroendocrine function, and metabolism. Metab. 2015;64(1):24–34.

Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

Mercer JG, Hoggard N, Williams LM, Lawrence CB, Hannah LT, Trayhurn P. Localization of leptin receptor mRNA and the long form splice variant (Ob-Rb) in mouse hypothalamus and adjacent brain regions by in situ hybridization. FEBS Lett. 1996;387:113–6.

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Elmquist JK, Bjørbaek C, Ahima RS, Flier JS, Saper CB. Distributions of leptin receptor mRNA isoforms in the rat brain. J Comp Neurol. 1998;395:535–47.

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Guo M, Huang T-Y, Garza JC, Chua SC, Lu X-Y. Selective deletion of leptin receptors in adult hippocampus induces depression-related behaviours. Int J Neuropsychopharmacol. 2013;16:857–67.

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Cordeiro RC, Chaves Filho AJM, Gomes NS, Tomaz VS, Medeiros CD, Queiroz AIG, Maes M, Macedo DS, Carvalho AF. Leptin prevents lipopolysaccharide-induced depressive-like behaviors in mice: involvement of dopamine receptors. Front Psychiatry. 2019;10:125.

Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Lu XY, Kim CS, Frazer A, Zhang W. Leptin: a potential novel antidepressant. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA. 2006;103:1593–8.

Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Garza JC, Guo M, Zhang W, Lu X-Y. Leptin restores adult hippocampal neurogenesis in a chronic unpredictable stress model of depression and reverses glucocorticoid-induced inhibition of GSK-3β/β-catenin signaling. Mol Psychiatry. 2012;17:790–808.

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Roseberry AG, Painter T, Mark GP, Williams JT. Decreased vesicular somatodendritic dopamine stores in leptin-deficient mice. J Neurosci. 2007;27:7021–7.

Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Greco SJ, Bryan KJ, Sarkar S, Zhu X, Smith MA, Ashford JW, Johnston JM, Tezapsidis N, Casadesus G. Leptin reduces pathology and improves memory in a transgenic mouse model of Alzheimer’s disease. J Alzheimers Dis. 2010;19(4):1155–67.

Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar