Olafsdottir OB, Hardarson SH, Gottfredsdottir MS, Harris A, Stefánsson E. Retinal oximetry in primary open-angle glaucoma. Investig Ophthalmol Vis Sci. 2011;52:6409–13.

Article  Google Scholar 

Ramm L, Jentsch S, Peters S, Augsten R, Hammer M. Investigation of blood flow regulation and oxygen saturation of the retinal vessels in primary open-angle glaucoma. Graefe’s Arch Clin Exp Ophthalmol. 2014;252:1803–10.

Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

Van Keer K, Pinto LA, Willekens K, Stalmans I, Vandewalle E. Correlation between peripapillary choroidal thickness and retinal vessel oxygen saturation in young healthy individuals and glaucoma patients. Investig Ophthalmol Vis Sci. 2015;56:3758–62.

Article  Google Scholar 

Hammer M, Vilser W, Riemer T, Mandecka A, Schweitzer D, Kühn U, et al. Diabetic patients with retinopathy show increased retinal venous oxygen saturation. Graefe’s Arch Clin Exp Ophthalmol. 2009;247:1025–30.

Article  Google Scholar 

Hardarson SH, Stefánsson E. Retinal oxygen saturation is altered in diabetic retinopathy. Br J Ophthalmol. 2012;96:560–3.

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Jørgensen CM, Hardarson SH, Bek T. The oxygen saturation in retinal vessels from diabetic patients depends on the severity and type of vision-threatening retinopathy. Acta Ophthalmol. 2014;92:34–9.

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Tiedeman JS, Kirk SE, Srinivas S, Beach JM. Retinal oxygen consumption during hyperglycemia in patients with diabetes without retinopathy. Ophthalmology 1998;105:31–6.

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Geirsdottir A, Hardarson SH, Olafsdottir OB, Stefánsson E. Retinal oxygen metabolism in exudative age-related macular degeneration. Acta Ophthalmol. 2014;92:27–33.

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Jakobsen DB, Torp TL, Stefansson E, Peto T, Grauslund J. Retinal metabolic and structural alterations in response to aflibercept treatment in neovascular age-related macular degeneration. Acta Ophthalmol. 2019;97:525–31.

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Gehlert S, Dawczynski J, Hammer M, Strobel J. Haemoglobin oxygenation of retinal vessels in branch retinal artery occlusions over time and correlation with clinical outcome. Klin Monbl Augenheilkd. 2010;227:976–80.

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Traustason S, La Cour M, Larsen M. Retinal vascular oximetry during ranibizumab treatment of central retinal vein occlusion. Br J Ophthalmol. 2014;98:1208–11.

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Yang JY, You B, Wang Q, Chan SY, Jonas JB, Wei W Bin. Retinal vessel oxygen saturation in healthy subjects and early branch retinal vein occlusion. Int J Ophthalmol. 2017;10:267–70.

PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Lin LL, Dong YM, Zong Y, Zheng QS, Fu Y, Yuan YG, et al. Study of retinal vessel oxygen saturation in ischemic and non-ischemic branch retinal vein occlusion. Int J Ophthalmol. 2016;9:99–107.

PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Schweitzer D, Thamm E, Hammer M, Kraft J. A new method for the measurement of oxygen saturation at the human ocular fundus. Int Ophthalmol. 2001;23:347–53.

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Stefánsson E, Olafsdottir OB, Eliasdottir TS, Vehmeijer W, Einarsdottir AB, Bek T, et al. Retinal oximetry: metabolic imaging for diseases of the retina and brain. Prog Retin Eye Res. 2019;70:1–22.

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Van Assendelft OW, Buursma A, Zijlstra WG. Stability of haemiglobincyanide standards. J Clin Pathol. 1996;49:275–7.

Hammer M, Vilser W, Riemer T, Schweitzer D. Retinal vessel oximetry-calibration, compensation for vessel diameter and fundus pigmentation, and reproducibility. J Biomed Opt. 2008;13:054015.

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Patel SR, Hudson C, Flanagan JG, Heitmar R. The effect of simulated cataract light scatter on retinal vessel oximetry. Exp Eye Res. 2013;116:185–9.

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Heitmar R, Attardo A. The influence of simulated cataract on retinal vessel oximetry measurements. Acta Ophthalmol. 2016;94:48–55.

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

della Volpe Waizel M, Türksever C, Todorova MG. Influence of cataract light scatters on retinal vessel oxygen saturation. Acta Ophthalmol. 2020;98:e56–62.

PubMed  Google Scholar 

Beach JM, Schwenzer KJ, Srinivas S, Kim D, Tiedeman JS. Oximetry of retinal vessels by dual-wavelength imaging: Calibration and influence of pigmentation. J Appl Physiol. 1999;86:748–58.

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Hammer M, Leistritz S, Leistritz L, Schweitzer D, Thamm E, Donnerhacke K-H. Monte-carlo simulation of retinal vessel profiles for the interpretation of in-vivo oxymetric measurements by imaging fundus reflectometry. In: Medical applications of lasers in dermatology, ophthalmology, dentistry, and endoscopy. SPIE; 1997. Vol. 3192, https://doi.org/10.1117/12.297857.

Geirsdottir A, Palsson O, Hardarson SH, Olafsdottir OB, Kristjansdottir JV, Stefánsson E. Retinal vessel oxygen saturation in healthy individuals. Investig Ophthalmol Vis Sci. 2012;53:5433–42.

Mohan A, Dabir S, Yadav NK, Kummelil M, Kumar RS, Shetty R. Normative database of retinal oximetry in Asian Indian eyes. PLoS One. 2015;10:e0126179.

Waizel M, Türksever C, Todorova MG. Normative values of retinal vessel oximetry in healthy children against adults. Acta Ophthalmol. 2018;96:e828–34.

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Nakano Y, Shimazaki T, Kobayashi N, Miyoshi Y, Ono A, Kobayashi M, et al. Retinal oximetry in a healthy Japanese population. PLoS One. 2016;11:e0159650.

Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Yip WF, Siantar R, Perera SA, Milastuti N, Ho KK, Tan B, et al. Reliability and determinants of retinal vessel oximetry measurements in healthy eyes. Investig Ophthalmol Vis Sci. 2014;55:7104–10.

Article  Google Scholar 

Heitmar R. Ethnic differences or imaging problems: dual wavelength retinal vessel oximetry in Caucasians and South Asians. Investig Ophthalmol Vis Sci. 2013;54:47.

Franssen L, Coppens JE, Van Den Berg TJTP. Grading of iris color with an extended photographic reference set. J Optom. 2008;1:36–40.

Article  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Heitmar R, Cubbidge RP. The impact of flash intensity on retinal vessel oxygen saturation measurements using dual wavelength oximetry. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci. 2013;54:2807–11. Apr

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Schweitzer D, Hammer M, Kraft J, Thamm E, Königsdörffer E, Strobel J. In vivo measurement of the oxygen saturation of retinal vessels in healthy volunteers. IEEE Trans Biomed Eng. 1999;46:1454–65. https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/document/804573.

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Maxwell SE. Sample size and multiple regression analysis. Psychol Methods. 2000;5:434–58. https://doi.org/10.1037/1082-989x.5.4.434.

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Jani PD, Mwanza JC, Billow KB, Waters AM, Moyer S, Garg S. Normative values and predictors of retinal oxygen saturation. Retina. 2014;34:394–401.

Jablonski NG. The evolution of human skin colouration and its relevance to health in the modern world. J R Coll Phys Edinb. 2012;42:58–63.

Veiby NCBB, Simeunovic A, Heier M, Brunborg C, Saddique N, Moe MC, et al. Retinal venular oxygen saturation is associated with non-proliferative diabetic retinopathy in young patients with type 1 diabetes. Acta Ophthalmol. 2022;100:388–94.

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Shimazaki T, Hirooka K, Nakano Y, Nitta E, Ukegawa K, Sato S, et al. Relationship between oxygen saturation of the retinal vessels and visual field defect in glaucoma patients: comparison with each hemifield. Acta Ophthalmol. 2016;94:e683–7.

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Vandewalle E, Pinto LA, Olafsdottir OB, De Clerck E, Stalmans P, Van Calster J, et al. Oximetry in glaucoma: correlation of metabolic change with structural and functional damage. Acta Ophthalmol. 2014;92:105–10.

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Luks AM, Swenson ER. Pulse oximetry for monitoring patients with COVID-19 at home potential pitfalls and practical guidance. Ann Am Thoracic Soc. 2020;17:1040–6.

Cabanas A, Fuentes-Guajardo M, Latorre K, Leon D, Martin-Escudero P. Skin pigmentation influence on pulse oximetry accuracy: a systematic review and bibliometric analysis. Sensors. 2022;22. https://www.mdpi.com/1424-8220/22/9/3402.

Garg AK, Knight D, Lando L, Chao DL. Advances in retinal oximetry. Transl Vis Sci Technol. 2021;10:5 https://tvst.arvojournals.org/article.aspx?articleid=2772252.

Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar