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Figure 1. LSTM structure flow chart.
Figure 2. Model framework.
Figure 3. Predicted results of water depth at each time-step (a–l) are the prediction results of 5 min, 10 min, 15 min, 20 min, 25 min, 30 min, 35 min, 40 min, 45 min, 50 min, 55 min and 60 min.
Figure 3. Predicted results of water depth at each time-step (a–l) are the prediction results of 5 min, 10 min, 15 min, 20 min, 25 min, 30 min, 35 min, 40 min, 45 min, 50 min, 55 min and 60 min.
Figure 4. Evaluation of prediction accuracy at each moment measured by (a) RMSE, (b) MAE, (c) MAPE and (d) NSE.
Table 1. Model accuracy comparison.
Table 1. Model accuracy comparison.
TimeLSTM (msle) vs. LSTM (mse)LSTM (msle) vs. LSTM (mae)LSTM (mse) vs. LSTM (mae)RMSEMAEMAPE (%)NSERMSEMAEMAPE (%)NSERMSEMAEMAPE (%)NSE5 min−1.92−1.43−18.910.43−0.67−0.84−15.900.131.250.593.01−0.3010 min−1.37−1.10−13.640.31−0.32−0.46−5.990.071.040.647.64−0.2515 min−1.26−1.06−13.360.29−1.19−0.85−14.110.270.060.20−0.75−0.0220 min−1.28−0.87−10.950.30−0.42−0.55−2.130.090.860.328.82−0.2125 min0.120.01−4.03−0.031.030.393.50−0.250.910.387.52−0.2230 min−0.97−0.66−12.180.23−1.09−0.94−8.840.26−0.12−0.283.340.035–30 min
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