Diagnosis and Treatment of Poststroke Epilepsy: Where Do We Stand?

Feigin VL, Nguyen G, Cercy K, Johnson CO, Alam T, Parmar PG, et al. Global, regional, and country-specific lifetime risks of stroke, 1990 and 2016. N Engl J Med. 2018;379(25):2429–37.

Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Stefan H. Epilepsy in the elderly: facts and challenges. Acta Neurol Scand. 2011;124(4):223–37.

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Zelano J, Holtkamp M, Agarwal N, Lattanzi S, Trinka E, Brigo F. How to diagnose and treat post-stroke seizures and epilepsy. Epileptic Disorders Int Epilepsy J Videotape. 2020;22(3):252–63.

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

•• Beghi E, Carpio A, Forsgren L, Hesdorffer DC, Malmgren K, Sander JW, et al. Recommendation for a definition of acute symptomatic seizure. Epilepsia. 2010;51(4):671–5. A special report by the ILAE commission on Epidemiology on the definition of ASS.

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Mauritz M, Hirsch LJ, Camfield P, Chin R, Nardone R, Lattanzi S, et al. Acute symptomatic seizures: an educational, evidence-based review. Epileptic Disorders Int Epilepsy J Videotape. 2022;24(1):26–49.

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Pitkänen A, Roivainen R, Lukasiuk K. Development of epilepsy after ischaemic stroke. Lancet Neurol. 2016;15(2):185–97.

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

•• Hesdorffer DC, Benn EK, Cascino GD, Hauser WA. Is a first acute symptomatic seizure epilepsy? Mortality and risk for recurrent seizure. Epilepsia. 2009;50(5):1102–8. A landmark study showing that the prognosis for seizure recurrence of ASS differs from that of unprovoked seizures.

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

•• Fisher RS, Acevedo C, Arzimanoglou A, Bogacz A, Cross JH, Elger CE, et al. ILAE official report: a practical clinical definition of epilepsy. Epilepsia. 2014;55(4):475–82. The new practical definition of epilepsy by the ILAE states that epilepsy can be diagnosed already after one unprovoked seizure if there is a probability of further seizures of at least 60%.

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

• Ferreira-Atuesta C, Döhler N, Erdélyi-Canavese B, Felbecker A, Siebel P, Scherrer N, et al. Seizures after ischemic stroke: a matched multicenter study. Ann Neurol. 2021;90(5):808–20. A recent large retrospective multicenter study that assessed the risk factors for stroke-related ASS and PSE. In addition this study did not find an association of stroke reperfusion therapies with the risks of ASS and PSE.

Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

•• Galovic M, Döhler N, Erdélyi-Canavese B, Felbecker A, Siebel P, Conrad J, et al. Prediction of late seizures after ischaemic stroke with a novel prognostic model (the SeLECT score): a multivariable prediction model development and validation study. Lancet Neurol. 2018;17(2):143–52. An important study that developed and validated a clinical prediction model for PSE.

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Labovitz DL, Hauser WA, Sacco RL. Prevalence and predictors of early seizure and status epilepticus after first stroke. Neurology. 2001;57(2):200–6.

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

So EL, Annegers JF, Hauser WA, O’Brien PC, Whisnant JP. Population-based study of seizure disorders after cerebral infarction. Neurology. 1996;46(2):350–5.

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

• Bentes C, Martins H, Peralta AR, Casimiro C, Morgado C, Franco AC, et al. Post-stroke seizures are clinically underestimated. J Neurol. 2017;264(9):1978–85. This study shows that non-convulsive ASS occur relatively frequent after stroke and would be missed without cEEG.

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Zelano J. Poststroke epilepsy: update and future directions. Ther Adv Neurol Disord. 2016;9(5):424–35.

Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

• Graham NS, Crichton S, Koutroumanidis M, Wolfe CD, Rudd AG. Incidence and associations of poststroke epilepsy: the prospective South London Stroke Register. Stroke. 2013;44(3):605–11. A large, prospective UK population-based study on the epidemiology of PSE.

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Zelano J, Redfors P, Åsberg S, Kumlien E. Association between poststroke epilepsy and death: a nationwide cohort study. Eur Stroke J. 2016;1(4):272–8.

Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Hauser WA. Epilepsy: Poststroke epilepsy–old definitions fit best. Nat Rev Neurol. 2013;9(6):305–6.

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Adelöw C, Andersson T, Ahlbom A, Tomson T. Prior hospitalization for stroke, diabetes, myocardial infarction, and subsequent risk of unprovoked seizures. Epilepsia. 2011;52(2):301–7.

PubMed  Google Scholar 

Beghi E, D’Alessandro R, Beretta S, Consoli D, Crespi V, Delaj L, et al. Incidence and predictors of acute symptomatic seizures after stroke. Neurology. 2011;77(20):1785–93.

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Bladin CF, Alexandrov AV, Bellavance A, Bornstein N, Chambers B, Coté R, et al. Seizures after stroke: a prospective multicenter study. Arch Neurol. 2000;57(11):1617–22.

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

De Herdt V, Dumont F, Hénon H, Derambure P, Vonck K, Leys D, et al. Early seizures in intracerebral hemorrhage: incidence, associated factors, and outcome. Neurology. 2011;77(20):1794–800.

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Galovic M, Ferreira-Atuesta C, Abraira L, Döhler N, Sinka L, Brigo F, et al. Seizures and epilepsy after stroke: epidemiology, biomarkers and management. Drugs Aging. 2021;38(4):285–99.

Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Okuda S, Takano S, Ueno M, Hamaguchi H, Kanda F. Clinical features of late-onset poststroke seizures. J Stroke Cerebrovasc Dis Official J Natl Stroke Assoc. 2012;21(7):583–6.

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Serafini A, Gigli GL, Gregoraci G, Janes F, Cancelli I, Novello S, et al. Are early seizures predictive of epilepsy after a stroke? Results of a Population-Based Stud Neuroepidemiol. 2015;45(1):50–8.

PubMed  Google Scholar 

Kammersgaard LP, Olsen TS. Poststroke epilepsy in the Copenhagen stroke study: incidence and predictors. J Stroke Cerebrovasc Dis Official J Natl Stroke Assoc. 2005;14(5):210–4.

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Arntz RM, Maaijwee NA, Rutten-Jacobs LC, Schoonderwaldt HC, Dorresteijn LD, van Dijk EJ, et al. Epilepsy after TIA or stroke in young patients impairs long-term functional outcome: the FUTURE Study. Neurology. 2013;81(22):1907–13.

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Wang H, Chen D, Tan G, Zhu LN, Liu L. Incidence rate and risk factors of status epilepticus after stroke. Seizure. 2021;91:491–8.

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Abraira L, Toledo M, Guzmán L, Sueiras M, Quintana M, Fonseca E, et al. Long-term epilepsy after early post-stroke status epilepticus. Seizure. 2019;69:193–7.

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

• Hesdorffer DC, Logroscino G, Cascino G, Annegers JF, Hauser WA. Risk of unprovoked seizure after acute symptomatic seizure: effect of status epilepticus. Ann Neurol. 1998;44(6):908–12. An important study that shows the effect of acute symptomatic SE on epileptogenesis.

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Haapaniemi E, Strbian D, Rossi C, Putaala J, Sipi T, Mustanoja S, et al. The CAVE score for predicting late seizures after intracerebral hemorrhage. Stroke. 2014;45(7):1971–6.

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Naylor J, Thevathasan A, Churilov L, Guo R, Xiong Y, Koome M, et al. Association between different acute stroke therapies and development of post stroke seizures. BMC Neurol. 2018;18(1):61.

Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Brigo F, Schneider M, Wagenpfeil G, Unger MM, Holzhoffer C, Walter S, et al. Early poststroke seizures following thrombolysis and/or thrombectomy for acute stroke: Clinical and stroke characteristics. Epilepsy Behav : E&B. 2020;104(Pt B): 106353.

Article  Google Scholar 

Burneo JG, Antaya TC, Allen BN, Belisle A, Shariff SZ, Saposnik G. The risk of new-onset epilepsy and refractory epilepsy in older adult stroke survivors. Neurology. 2019;93(6):e568–77.

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Belcastro V, Brigo F, Ferlazzo E, Gasparini S, Mastroianni G, Cianci V, et al. Incidence of early poststroke seizures during reperfusion therapies in patients with acute ischemic stroke: an observational prospective study: (TESI study: “Trombolisi/Trombectomia e crisi Epilettiche precoci nello Stroke Ischemico”). Epilepsy Behav : E&B. 2020;104(Pt B):106476.

Article  Google Scholar 

Zöllner JP, Misselwitz B, Mauroschat T, Roth C, Steinmetz H, Rosenow F, et al. Intravenous thrombolysis or mechanical thrombectomy do not increase risk of acute symptomatic seizures in patients with ischemic stroke. Sci Rep. 2020;10(1):21083.

Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Bentes C, Brigo F, Zelano J, Ferro JM. Reperfusion therapies and poststroke seizures. Epilepsy Behav : E&B. 2020;104(Pt B):106524.

Article  Google Scholar 

Barolin GS. The cerebrovascular epilepsies. Electroencephalogr Clin Neurophysiol Suppl. 1982;35:287–95.

Google Scholar 

• Cleary P, Shorvon S, Tallis R. Late-onset seizures as a predictor of subsequent stroke. Lancet (London, England). 2004;363(9416):1184–6. An important study showing hat late-onset epilepsy is associated with an increased risk for subsequent stroke.

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Brigo F, Tezzon F, Nardone R. Late-onset seizures and risk of subsequent stroke: a systematic review. Epilepsy Behav : E&B. 2014;31:9–12.

Article  Google Scholar 

Trinka E, Krämer G, Werhahn K. Vascular precursor epilepsy - old wine in new skins? Epilepsy Behav : E&B. 2015;48:103–4.

Article 

留言 (0)

沒有登入
gif