Microfluidic-assisted fiber production: Potentials, limitations, and prospects

Microfluidic chipPDMSHydrodynamic focusing, core–sheathAlginateCaCl2 in PEG, ionicRibbon5–25Cell encapsulation, regenerative medicine, tissue engineering, therapeutic implantation4242. M. C. McNamara et al., “Microfluidic manufacturing of alginate fibers with encapsulated astrocyte cells,” ACS Appl. Bio Mater. 2(4), 1603–1613 (2019). https://doi.org/10.1021/acsabm.9b00022Hydrodynamic focusing, core–sheathPVAEthanol (EtOH), phase inversionRibbon5–25Cell encapsulation, biomedical applications8080. F. Sharifi et al., “Mechanical and physical properties of poly (vinyl alcohol) microfibers fabricated by a microfluidic approach,” RSC Adv. 6(60), 55343–55353 (2016). https://doi.org/10.1039/C6RA09519DHydrodynamic focusing, core–sheathPCLPEG in EtOH–H2O mixture, phase inversion (solvent extraction)Round, micro-fibrous scaffolds2.6–36.5Tissue engineering and regenerative medicine121121. F. Sharifi et al., “Polycaprolactone microfibrous scaffolds to navigate neural stem cells,” Biomacromolecules 17(10), 3287–3297 (2016). https://doi.org/10.1021/acs.biomac.6b01028Hydrodynamic focusing, coaxial flowPCLPEG in EtOH–H2O mixture, phase inversion (solvent extraction)Ribbon13.3–33.65Tissue engineering and drug delivery8484. F. Sharifi, D. Kurteshi, and N. Hashemi, “Designing highly structured polycaprolactone fibers using microfluidics,” J. Mech. behav. Biomed. Mater. 61, 530–540 (2016). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jmbbm.2016.04.005Hydrodynamic focusing, core–sheathGelatinEtOH, coagulation bathRound, square, and ribbon30–282Tissue engineering and drug delivery122122. Z. Bai et al., “On-chip development of hydrogel microfibers from round to square/ribbon shape,” J. Mater. Chem. A 2(14), 4878–4884 (2014). https://doi.org/10.1039/c3ta14573eHydrodynamic focusing, with groovesThiol-ene and thiol-yneUV (photopolymerization), covalent bondingRound and ribbon50–110 & 125–330Sensors, filtration, and textiles9292. D. A. Boyd et al., “Hydrodynamic shaping, polymerization, and subsequent modification of thiol click fibers,” ACS Appl. Mater. Interfaces 5(1), 114–119 (2013). https://doi.org/10.1021/am3022834Hydrodynamic focusing, with grooves4-hydroxybutyl acrylate (4HBA) and acrylic acidUV (photopolymerization)Flat and ribbon12–198Wound healing, controlled release materials, tissue engineering, and anti-ballistic textiles9494. A. L. Thangawng et al., “UV polymerization of hydrodynamically shaped fibers,” Lab Chip 11(6), 1157–1160 (2011). https://doi.org/10.1039/c0lc00392aY-shapedMethacrylated hyaluronic acid (MA-HA) or chondroitin sulfate (MA-CS), alginate, and chitosanCaCl2 (ionic), UV (photopolymerization), and coagulation bathRound, multicomponent546.06 ± 9.6 and 812.58 ± 79.57 and 1000Tissue engineering (tendon)106106. R. Costa-Almeida et al., “Microengineered multicomponent hydrogel fibers: Combining polyelectrolyte complexation and microfluidics,” ACS Biomater. Sci. Eng. 3(7), 1322–1331 (2017). https://doi.org/10.1021/acsbiomaterials.6b00331Hydrodynamic focusing, microfluidic spinningSilk nanofibersEtOH, coagulation bathRound (aligned hierarchical)∼20–55Tissue engineering, regenerative medicine (nerve and blood vessel)8181. S. Li et al., “Microfluidic silk fibers with aligned hierarchical microstructures,” ACS Biomater. Sci. Eng. 6(5), 2847–2854 (2020). https://doi.org/10.1021/acsbiomaterials.0c00060Microfluidic spinningMethacrylamide-modified gelatinEtOH, coagulation bath, thermal solidificationGrooved∼500Tissue engineering, regenerative medicine102102. X. Shi et al., “Microfluidic spinning of cell-responsive grooved microfibers,” Adv. Funct. Mater. 25(15), 2250–2259 (2015). https://doi.org/10.1002/adfm.201404531Hydrodynamic focusing, microfluidic spinningAlginateCaCl2 (ionic)Flat, grooved30–100 x ∼1–30Regenerative medicine, cell culture, and biomedical engineering8383. E. Kang et al., “Microfluidic spinning of flat alginate fibers with grooves for cell-aligning scaffolds,” Adv. Mater. 24(31), 4271–4277 (2012). https://doi.org/10.1002/adma.201201232Hydrodynamic focusing, microfluidic spinningAlginateIsopropyl alcohol (IPA) or IPA containing CaCl2 ⋅ 2H2O, ionicThin sheets, seaweed-like, semi-cylindrical, and cylindrical0.07–20Tissue engineering, biomedical engineering, and textiles4141. S. K. Chae et al., “Micro/nanometer-scale fiber with highly ordered structures by mimicking the spinning process of silkworm,” Adv. Mater. 25(22), 3071–3078 (2013). https://doi.org/10.1002/adma.201300837Inertial microfluidicsPoly(ethylene glycol) diacrylate (PEGDA)UV (photopolymerization)Diamond, triangular, hollow, and U-shaped∼120–320Tissue engineering and textiles77. J. K. Nunes et al., “Fabricating shaped microfibers with inertial microfluidics,” Adv. Mater. 26(22), 3712–3717 (2014). https://doi.org/10.1002/adma.201400268Y-shaped, core–shellGraphene oxide (GO) and generation 3 polyamidoamine dendrimer-coated polystyreneAnnealing (hydrothermal process)Round220Energy storage123123. J. Meng et al., “Microfluidic-architected nanoarrays/porous core-shell fibers toward robust micro-energy-storage,” Adv. Sci. 7(1), 1901931 (2020). https://doi.org/10.1002/advs.201901931Hydrodynamic focusing1,3,5-tris(4-aminophenyl)benzene and 1,3,5-benzenetricarbaldehydeSchiff-base reaction (covalent bonding)Round, sponge-like0.07Advanced patterning strategies such as 2D and 3D printing10–3910. D. Rodríguez-San-Miguel et al., “Crystalline fibres of a covalent organic framework through bottom-up microfluidic synthesis,” Chem. Commun. 52(59), 9212–9215 (2016). https://doi.org/10.1039/C6CC04013F39. A. Abrishamkar et al., “Microfluidic-based synthesis of covalent organic frameworks (COFs): A tool for continuous production of COF fibers and direct printing on a surface,” J. Visualized Exp. 125, e56020 (2017). https://doi.org/10.3791/56020Coaxial flowsAlginateCaCl2 (ionic)Hollow410–500Endothelial barrier research and drug testing3737. T. P. T. Nguyen, B. M. Tran, and N. Y. Lee, “Microfluidic approach for the fabrication of cell-laden hollow fibers for endothelial barrier research,” J. Mater. Chem. B 6(38), 6057–6066 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1039/C8TB02031KFlow focusing, droplet-based microfluidicsAlginateCaCl2 (ionic)N/A∼15–50 μmTissue engineering, biofabrication, biomedical engineering8686. C. Martino et al., “Controllable generation and encapsulation of alginate fibers using droplet-based microfluidics,” Lab Chip 16(1), 59–64 (2016). https://doi.org/10.1039/C5LC01150G3D device, solution blow spinningPerfluorocopolymer or PCLSolvent evaporationRound1.4–4.2Bio-based nanofibrils, textiles, air filtration, drug delivery, wound dressings, and tissue engineering1212. E. Hofmann et al., “Microfluidic nozzle device for ultrafine fiber solution blow spinning with precise diameter control,” Lab Chip 18(15), 2225–2234 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1039/C8LC00304AHydrodynamic focusing, microfluidic spinningCollagen type IPEG, pH-induced solidificationRound3–10Biomedical engineering, tissue engineering, and suture- or wound-dressing materials4545. C. Haynl et al., “Microfluidics-produced collagen fibers show extraordinary mechanical properties,” Nano Lett. 16(9), 5917–5922 (2016). https://doi.org/10.1021/acs.nanolett.6b028283D hydrodynamic flow focusing, microfluidic wet spinningPU, poly(acrylonitrile) (PAN), and PVAPEG, coagulation bathRound, ribbon4–154Textiles, nonwoven fabrics, and injection molding103103. A. Gursoy et al., “Facile fabrication of microfluidic chips for 3D hydrodynamic focusing and wet spinning of polymeric fibers,” Polymers 12(3), 633 (2020). https://doi.org/10.3390/polym12030633Coaxial flows, microfluidic spinningPoly(l-lactic-co-ε-caprolactone) (PLCL)Methanol, precipitation of PLCL, coagulation bath of methanolRound and irregular12–36Biomaterials, surgical sutures (ophthalmology suture)4040. D. Park et al., “The use of microfluidic spinning fiber as an ophthalmology suture showing the good anastomotic strength control,” Sci. Rep. 7(1), 16264 (2017). https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-017-16462-7Valve-based device, coaxial flows, microfluidic spinningAlginateCaCl2 (ionic)Spindle-knots and gas micro-bubbles20–220Biosensors, high-throughput screening, and tissue engineering124124. E. Kang et al., “Digitally tunable physicochemical coding of material composition and topography in continuous microfibres,” Nat. Mater. 10(11), 877–883 (2011). https://doi.org/10.1038/nmat3108Coaxial flows, core–shellAlginateCaCl2 (ionic)Round∼100Functional fibers and tissue engineering9191. O. Bonhomme, J. Leng, and A. Colin, “Microfluidic wet-spinning of alginate microfibers: A theoretical analysis of fiber formation,” Soft Matter 8(41), 10641–10649 (2012). https://doi.org/10.1039/c2sm25552aHydrodynamic focusingAlginateCaCl2 (ionic cross-linking) + UV (photopolymerization)Solid, hollow, hollow double-layered, osteon-like∼450Tissue engineering and biomedical research4848. D. Wei et al., “Continuous fabrication and assembly of spatial cell-laden fibers for a tissue-like construct via a photolithographic-based microfluidic chip,” ACS Appl. Mater. Interfaces 9(17), 14606–14617 (2017). https://doi.org/10.1021/acsami.7b00078Cylindrical and coaxial-flow channelsCollagen-alginateCaCl2 (ionic)Round250Enhanced immunoprotection of transplanted islets, tissue engineering8282. Y. Jun et al., “Microfluidics-generated pancreatic islet microfibers for enhanced immunoprotection,” Biomaterials 34(33), 8122–8130 (2013). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.biomaterials.2013.07.079Core–sheath, microfluidic spinningRegenerated silk fibroin (RSF) and CaCl2Dry spinning, solvent evaporationRound5–10High-performance artificial animal silks and synthetic fibers85–12585. Q. Peng et al., “Microfluidic dry-spinning and characterization of regenerated silk fibroin fibers,” J. Visualized Exp. 127, e56271 (2017). https://doi.org/10.3791/56271125. Q. Peng et al., “Role of humidity on the structures and properties of regenerated silk fibers,” Prog. Nat. Sci.: Mater. Int. 25(5), 430–436 (2015). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.pnsc.2015.09.006Core–sheath, microfluidic wet-spinningRecombinant spider dragline silk proteinEtOH coagulation bath, solvent evaporationRound, ribbon1–5Artificial fiber with high strength126126. Q. Peng et al., “Recombinant spider silk from aqueous solutions via a bio-inspired microfluidic chip,” Sci. Rep. 6, 36473 (2016). https://doi.org/10.1038/srep36473Core–sheath, microfluidic spinningRSF and silk sericin (SS)Dry spinning, solvent evaporationCore–shell, grooved, and spindle-knot∼10–20Humidity sensors, drug delivery, and lustrous silk-like fabric8787. Q. Peng et al., “The development of fibers that mimic the core-sheath and spindle-knot morphology of artificial silk using microfluidic devices,” Macromol. Mater. Eng. 302(10), 1700102 (2017). https://doi.org/10.1002/mame.201700102Co-flowing, core–shellPEGDAUV (photopolymerization)Single- and double-hollow, microbelts, and occluded-, acorn-, and heteroaggregate-shaped57–77Complex-shaped composites, encapsulation of active agents, cell culture, catalysts support, affinity membranes, hierarchical filter materials, and protective clothing7979. C.-H. Choi et al., “Microfluidic fabrication of complex-shaped microfibers by liquid template-aided multiphase microflow,” Lab Chip 11(8), 1477–1483 (2011). https://doi.org/10.1039/c0lc00711kThree-dimensional flows, multi-layer device, core–shellAlginateCaCl2 (ionic), coagulation bathMulti-compartmented and multi-layered circular, non-circular, asymmetric core–shell, and hollow fibers∼100–150Functional fiber materials, medical applications, biological research, co-culture of several types of cells108108. D. Yoon et al., “Simple microfluidic formation of highly heterogeneous microfibers using a combination of sheath units,” Lab Chip 17(8), 1481–1486 (2017). https://doi.org/10.1039/C7LC00157FHydrodynamic focusing, microfluidic spinningAlginate and propylene glycol alginate (PGA)CaCl2 (ionic)Anisotropic rounded rectangle7–200Tissue engineering8888. M. Yamada et al., “Microfluidic synthesis of chemically and physically anisotropic hydrogel microfibers for guided cell growth and networking,” Soft Matter 8(11), 3122–3130 (2012). https://doi.org/10.1039/c2sm07263gMicrofluidic solution blow spinningDyneon THV 221 GZSolvent evaporationRound0.036–0.062Drug delivery and tissue engineering8989. E. Hofmann et al., “Controlling polymer microfiber structure by micro solution blow spinning,” Macromol. Chem. Phys. 221(1), 1900453 (2020). https://doi.org/10.1002/macp.201900453Flow focusing, droplet-based microfluidicsPEGDAUV (photopolymerization)N/A∼<15 μmTissue engineering, cell-based studies127127. C. Martino et al., “Real-Time PEGDA-based microgel generation and encapsulation in microdroplets,” Adv. Mater. Technol. 1(2), 1600028 (2016). https://doi.org/10.1002/admt.201600028Flow focusing, microfluidic spinningAlginate and gelatin methacrylate (GelMA)CaCl2 (ionic), UV (photopolymerization)Grooved290.29 ± 10.16–437.22 ± 7.36Tissue engineering, regenerative medicine128128. M. Zhao et al., “A flexible microfluidic strategy to generate grooved microfibers for guiding cell alignment,” Biomater. Sci. 9(14), 4880–4890 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1039/D1BM00549AHydrodynamic focusing, microfluidic wet spinningRSF and cellulose nanofibers (CNFs)Coagulation bath, solvent exchangeRound, ribbon-like∼23–35Biophotonics, photothermal therapy, medicine delivery, visible biological scaffolds129129. L. Lu et al., “Low-loss light-guiding, strong silk generated by a bioinspired microfluidic chip,” Chem. Eng. J. 405, 126793 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cej.2020.126793Hydrodynamic focusing, microfluidic dry spinningRSF and CNFDry spinning, solvent evaporationRound7.9 ± 2.0–8.4 ± 1.1High-performance artificial fibers130130. L. Lu et al., “Strong silk fibers containing cellulose nanofibers generated by a bioinspired microfluidic chip,” ACS Sustainable Chem. Eng. 7(17), 14765–14774 (2019). https://doi.org/10.1021/acssuschemeng.9b02713Flow focusing, microfluidic wet spinningRSF and CNFCoagulation bath, wet spinningDeformed round∼20–50Highly oriented artificial fibers, tissue engineering131131. L. Lu et al., “Flow analysis of regenerated silk fibroin/cellulose nanofiber suspensions via a bioinspired microfluidic chip,” Adv. Mater. Technol. 6(10), 2100124 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1002/admt.202100124Hydrodynamic focusing, core–sheath, microfluidic spinningAlginateCaCl2 (ionic)Multicomponent heterogeneous∼200–400Cell culture, tissue engineering, composite functional biomaterials, biomimetic systems132132. K. Yao et al., “Simple fabrication of multicomponent heterogeneous fibers for cell Co-culture via microfluidic spinning,” Macromol. Biosci. 20(3), 1900395 (2020). https://doi.org/10.1002/mabi.201900395Flow focusing, microfluidic wet spinningAlginate, PAN, and regenerated B. mori silkCaCl2 (ionic), H2O-DMSO (non-solvent-induced phase separation), and EtOH in PEG (coagulation)Round, grooved0.8–10Tissue engineering133133. A. Luken et al., “Biocompatible micron-scale silk fibers fabricated by microfluidic wet spinning,” Adv. Healthcare Mater. 10(20), 2100898 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1002/adhm.202100898PMMAHydrodynamic focusing, microfluidic spinningGO and alginateCaCl2 (ionic), Coagulation bath of EtOH-H2O, hydrodynamically induced macromolecules alignmentSkin-core, eccentric structure, sandwich shapes, and reverse core shaped80–100Wearable devices and actuators, smart textiles9696. X. Hu et al., “Structure-tunable graphene oxide fibers via microfluidic spinning route for multifunctional textiles,” Carbon 152, 106–113 (2019). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.carbon.2019.06.010Hydrodynamic focusingPEGDAUV (photopolymerization)Hollow120–124Synthetic human vasculature, tissue engineering134134. S. S. Aykar et al., “Manufacturing of poly(ethylene glycol diacrylate)-based hollow microvessels using microfluidics,” RSC Adv. 10(7), 4095–4102 (2020). https://doi.org/10.1039/C9RA10264GHydrodynamic focusing, microfluidic spinningAlginateCaCl2 (ionic), coagulation bathRibbon, grooved29.7–69.7High performance and multi-layered fibers9797. X. Hu et al., “Hydrodynamic alignment and microfluidic spinning of strength-reinforced calcium alginate microfibers,” Mater. Lett. 230, 148–151 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.matlet.2018.07.092Flow focusing, multi-layer deviceAlginateCaCl2 (ionic)Round177.4–387.5Drug release (delivery) and cell encapsulation9999. Y.-S. Lin et al., “Microfluidic synthesis of microfibers for magnetic-responsive controlled drug release and cell culture,” PLoS One 7(3), e33184 (2012). https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0033184Hydrodynamic focusingAlginate, PEG, and gelatinCaCl2 (ionic), coagulation bathHollow∼400–650Cell encapsulation and tissue engineering135135. M. C. McNamara et al., “Targeted microfluidic manufacturing to mimic biological microenvironments: Cell-encapsulated hollow fibers,” ACS Macro Lett. 10(6), 732–736 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1021/acsmacrolett.1c00159Hydrodynamic focusingMixture of liquid crystal mesogens (MAOC4 and MACC5)UV (photopolymerization)Ribbon10 ± 3–172 ± 8Biomaterials, multi-functional materials, and optical fabrics101101. A. R. Shields et al., “Hydrodynamically directed multiscale assembly of shaped polymer fibers,” Soft Matter 8(24), 6656–6660 (2012). https://doi.org/10.1039/c2sm07429jGlassHydrodynamic 2D and 3D flow focusing, microfluidic wet spinningGellan Gum and GelMACaCl2 (ionic), coagulation bathRound (core–shell), ribbon-like, double-Janus, tri-coaxial, double Core-Shell, peapod-like∼50–400Tissue engineering, regenerative medicine136136. C. F. Guimarães et al., “3D flow-focusing microfluidic biofabrication: One-chip-fits-all hydrogel fiber architectures,” Appl. Mater. Today 23, 101013 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.apmt.2021.101013PDMS-GlassY-shaped, microscope-based photolithographyPEGDAUV (photopolymerization)Square or rectangular5–30Biomedical applications, drug delivery, and micro-filtration devices137137. H. Berthet, O. Du Roure, and A. Lindner, “Microfluidic fabrication solutions for tailor-designed fiber suspensions,” Appl. Sci. 6(12), 385 (2016). https://doi.org/10.3390/app6120385PDMS-plastic capillary tubeY-shaped, coaxial flowsAlginateCaCl2 (ionic)Hollow600–650Immobilization of enzymes107107. U. H. Pham et al., “A microfluidic device approach to generate hollow alginate microfibers with controlled wall thickness and inner diameter,” J. Appl. Phys. 117(21), 214703 (2015). https://doi.org/10.1063/1.4919361PDMS-polyether ether ketone (PEEK)Hydrodynamic focusing, with groovesThiol-ene prepolymersUV (photopolymerization)Double anchor-shaped780 × 300Textiles, composite reinforcement, tissue engineering, filtration138138. D. A. Boyd et al., “Design and fabrication of uniquely shaped thiol-ene microfibers using a two-stage hydrodynamic focusing design,” Lab Chip 13(15), 3105–3110 (2013). https://doi.org/10.1039/c3lc50413aPDMS-nylon mesh filterCoaxial flow, core–sheath, microfluidic spinningCollagen and alginateCaCl2, ionicRound, multicomponent∼100Tissue engineering and cell encapsulation139139. D. Y. Park et al., “One-stop microfiber spinning and fabrication of a fibrous cell-encapsulated scaffold on a single microfluidic platform,” Biofabrication 6(2), 024108 (2014). https://doi.org/10.1088/1758-5082/6/2/024108Aluminum-stainless steel-poly(methyl methacrylate) or KaptonHydrodynamic focusing, microfluidic wet spinningCNF and cellulose nanocrystals (CNCs)pH-induced solidificationRibbon and elliptical∼10–25Bio-based advanced materials, industrial production of fibers1111. O. Nechyporchuk et al., “Continuous assembly of cellulose nanofibrils and nanocrystals into strong macrofibers through microfluidic spinning,” Adv. Mater. Technol. 4(2), 1800557 (2019). https://doi.org/10.1002/admt.201800557Aluminum-stainless steel-poly(methyl methacrylate) (PMMA) or KaptonHydrodynamic focusing, microfluidic wet spinningCNFpH-induced solidificationRound∼20Templates or high-performance filaments140140. K. M. O. Håkansson, “Online determination of anisotropy during cellulose nanofibril assembly in a flow focusing device,” RSC Adv. 5(24), 18601–18608 (2015). https://doi.org/10.1039/C4RA12285BAluminum-poly(methyl methacrylate) (PMMA)Hydrodynamic focusing, microfluidic spinningCNFCoagulation bath, electrochemicalRound, hollow∼20–40Bio-based materials, high-performance bio-composites, and textiles141141. K. M. Hakansson et al., “Hydrodynamic alignment and assembly of nanofibrils resulting in strong cellulose filaments,” Nat. Commun. 5, 4018 (2014). https://doi.org/10.1038/ncomms5018Teflon-aluminumHydrodynamic focusing, with groovesPMMAFructose solution, solvent exchangeFlat and ribbon0.3 to >5Anti-ballistic textiles9393. A. L. Thangawng et al., “A simple sheath-flow microfluidic device for micro/nanomanufacturing: Fabrication of hydrodynamically shaped polymer fibers,” Lab Chip 9(21), 3126–3130 (2009). https://doi.org/10.1039/b910581fAluminum-PDMS-cyclic olefin copolymer (COC)Hydrodynamic focusing, with groovesThiol-ene and thiol-yneUV (photopolymerization)Round, flat, square, and complex0.3–1000Tissue engineering, optical communications, and smart textiles88. D. A. Boyd et al., “Microfluidic fabrication of polymeric and biohybrid fibers with predesigned size and shape,” J. Visualized Exp. 83, e50958 (2014). https://doi.org/10.3791/50958Capillary-based deviceGlassCoaxial flow, core–shellAlginate and PVACaCl2 (ionic), non-solvent-induced phase separation (NIPS) processHourglass-shaped, round∼50–300Dehumidification and water collection5454. R. Shi et al., “Hourglass-shaped microfibers,” ACS Appl. Mater. Interfaces 12(26), 29747–29756 (2020). https://doi.org/10.1021/acsami.0c04824Coaxial flow, core–shellAlginateCaCl2 (ionic)Peapod-like, cylindrical rods, conical frustums, barrels, and plates20Drug delivery, biomedical therapeutics, microlenses, and encapsulation of biomaterials5353. A. S. Chaurasia and S. Sajjadi, “Transformable bubble-filled alginate microfibers via vertical microfluidics,” Lab Chip 19(5), 851–863 (2019). https://doi.org/10.1039/C8LC01081AMicrofluidic spinning, core–shellBovine serum albumin (BSA) and Glutaraldehyde (GA)Schiff-base reaction (covalent bonding)Round23–30High-performance biological fibers142142. H. He et al., “Mechanically strong globular-protein-based fibers obtained using a microfluidic spinning technique,” Angew. Chem., Int. Ed. 59(11), 4344–4348 (2020). https://doi.org/10.1002/anie.201915262Vertical coaxial flows, core–sheathParaffin Rubitherm®27 (RT27) and Poly(vinyl butyral) (PVB)Solvent extraction, phase changeHollow fiber330–400Textile, aviation, military, and healthcare5555. G.-Q. Wen et al., “Microfluidic fabrication and thermal characteristics of core-shell phase change microfibers with high paraffin content,” Appl. Therm. Eng. 87, 471–480 (2015). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.applthermaleng.2015.05.036Coaxial flows, core–sheathRT27 and PVBSolvent extraction, phase changeHollow∼300–400Textiles, aviation, military, and space6060. X. Zhang et al., “Microfluidic fabrication of core-sheath composite phase change microfibers with enhanced thermal conductive property,” J. Mater. Sci. 53(23), 15769–15783 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1007/s10853-018-2677-6Coaxial flows, microfluidic spinningAlginate, GO, and polyacrylamideCaCl2 (ionic)Round200–600Tissue engineering (muscles), actuators, and sensors6464. L. Peng et al., “Microfluidic fabrication of highly stretchable and fast electro-responsive graphene oxide/polyacrylamide/alginate hydrogel fibers,” Eur. Polym. J. 103, 335–341 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.eurpolymj.2018.04.019T-junction, microfluidic spinningAlginate and PLACaCl2 (ionic), coagulation bathPeapod-like (bead-on-string fibers)∼180–600Wound healing, biomedicine, and tissue engineering143143. Q. Huang et al., “Microfluidic spinning-induced heterotypic bead-on-string fibers for dual-cargo release and wound healing,” J. Mater. Chem. B 9(11), 2727–2735 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1039/D0TB02305AT-junction, microfluidic spinningThermoplastic PU, black phosphorous, and carbon nanotubesSolvent exchangeRound80Wearable electronics, energy storage144144. X. Wu et al., “Microfluidic-spinning construction of black-phosphorus-hybrid microfibres for non-woven fabrics toward a high energy density flexible supercapacitor,” Nat. Commun. 9(1), 4573 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1038/s41467-01

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