Brogren E, Petranek M, Atroshi I. Incidence and characteristics of distal radius fractures in a southern Swedish region. BMC Musculoskelet Disord. 2007;8:48.

Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

de Putter CE, Selles RW, Polinder S, Hartholt KA, Looman CW, Panneman MJ, et al. Epidemiology and health-care utilisation of wrist fractures in older adults in The Netherlands, 1997–2009. Injury. 2013;44(4):421–6.

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Polinder S, Iordens GI, Panneman MJ, Eygendaal D, Patka P, Den Hartog D, et al. Trends in incidence and costs of injuries to the shoulder, arm and wrist in The Netherlands between 1986 and 2008. BMC Public Health. 2013;13:531. https://doi.org/10.1186/1471-2458-13-531.

Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Gradl G, Mielsch N, Wendt M, Falk S, Mittlmeier T, Gierer P, et al. Intramedullary nail versus volar plate fixation of extra-articular distal radius fractures. Two year results of a prospective randomized trial. Injury. 2014;45(1):3–8. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.injury.2013.10.045.

Article  Google Scholar 

Costa ML, Achten J, Caroline P, Parsons NR, Rangan A, Tubeuf S, et al. UK DRAFFT: a randomised controlled triaof percutaneous fixation with kirschner wires versus volar locking-plate fixation in the treatment of adult patients with a dorsally displaced fracture of the distal radius. Health Technol Assess. 2015. https://doi.org/10.3310/hta19170.

Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Aita MA, Vieira Ferreira CH, Schneider Ibanez D, Saraiva Marquez R, Hideki Ikeuti D, Toledo Mota R, et al. Randomized clinical trial on percutaneous minimally invasive osteosynthesis of fractures of the distal extremity of the radius. Rev bras ortop. 2014;49(3):218–26.

Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Downing ND, Karantana A. A revolution in the management of fractures of the distal radius? J Bone Joint Surg Br. 2008;90(10):1271–5. https://doi.org/10.1302/0301-620X.90B10.21293.

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Handoll HH, Madhok R. Surgical interventions for treating distal radial fractures in adults. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2003;3:CD003209. https://doi.org/10.1002/14651858.CD003209.

Article  Google Scholar 

Lutz K, Yeoh KM, MacDermid JC, Symonette C, Grewal R. Complications associated with operative versus nonsurgical treatment of distal radius fractures in patients aged 65 years and older. J Hand Surg Am. 2014;39(7):1280–6. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jhsa.2014.04.018.

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Egol KA, Walsh M, Romo-Cardoso S, Dorsky S, Paksima N. Distal radial fractures in the elderly: operative compared with nonoperative treatment. J Bone Joint Surg Am. 2010;92(9):1851–7.

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

NVvH (Nederlandse Vereniging voor Heelkunde). Richtlijn distale radius fracturen: Diagnostiek en behandeling. 2010. https://www.nvpc.nl/uploads/stand/Richtlijn_Distale_radius_fracturen_voor_autorisatiefase_0110201075.pdf. Accessed 18 Dec 2020.

AAOS (American Academy of Orthopaedic Surgeons) Clinical practice on the treatment of distal radius fractures. 2009. https://aaos.org/globalassets/quality-and-practice-resources/distal-radius/distal-radius-fractures-clinical-practice-guideline.pdf. Accessed 18 Sep 2020.

Bramer WM, Giustini D, de Jonge GB, Holland L, Bekhuis T. De-duplication of database search results for systematic reviews in EndNote. J Med Libr Assoc. 2016;104(3):240–3. https://doi.org/10.3163/1536-5050.104.3.014.

Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Wells G, Shea B, O'Connell D, Peterson j, Welch V, Losos M, et al. The newcastle–ottawa scale (NOS) for assessing the quality of non-randomized studies in meta-analysis. 2000.

Gavaghan DJ, Moore RA, McQuay HJ. An evaluation of homogeneity tests in meta-analyses in pain using simulations of individual patient data. Pain. 2000;85(3):415–24. https://doi.org/10.1016/s0304-3959(99)00302-4.

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Higgins JP, Thompson SG. Quantifying heterogeneity in a meta-analysis. Stat Med. 2002;21(11):1539–58. https://doi.org/10.1002/sim.1186.

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Higgins JP, Thompson SG, Deeks JJ, Altman DG. Measuring inconsistency in meta-analyses. BMJ. 2003;327(7414):557–60.

Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Mardani Kivi M, Asadi K, Hashemi Motlagh K, Shakiba M. Distal radius fracture, a comparison between closed reduction and long arm cast vs Closed reduction and percutaneous pinning and short arm cast. Shiraz E Med J. 2011;12(3):155–61.

Google Scholar 

Abbaszadegan H, Jonsson U, Von Sivers K. Prediction of instability of Colles’ fractures. Acta Orthop Scand. 1989;60(6):646–50.

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Af Ekenstam F, Jakobsson OP, Wadin K. Repair of the triangular ligament in Colles’ fracture. No effect in a prospective randomized study. Acta Orthop Scand. 1989;60(4):393–6.

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Azzopardi T, Ehrendorfer S, Coulton T, Abela M. Unstable extra-articular fractures of the distal radius. J Bone Jt Surg Ser B. 2005;87(6):837–40. https://doi.org/10.1302/0301-620x.87b6.15608.

Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

Baruah RK, Islam M, Haque R. Immobilisation of extra-articular distal radius fractures (Colles type) in dorsiflexion: the functional and anatomical outcome. J Clin Orthop Traum. 2015;6(3):167–72. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jcot.2015.03.006.

Article  Google Scholar 

Basso O, Pike JM. The effect of low frequency, long-wave ultrasound therapy on joint mobility and rehabilitation after wrist fracture. J Hand Surg (GBR). 1998;23 B(1):136–9. https://doi.org/10.1016/s0266-7681(98)80248-9.

Article  Google Scholar 

Bentohami A, Bijlsma TS, Goslings JC, de Reuver P, Kaufmann L, Schep NW. Radiological criteria for acceptable reduction of extra-articular distal radial fractures are not predictive for patient-reported functional outcome. J Hand Surg Eur. 2013;38(5):524–9. https://doi.org/10.1177/1753193412468266.

Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

Blichert-Toft M, Jensen HK. Colles’ fracture treated with modified Böhler technique. Acta Orthop Scand. 1971;42(1):45–57.

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Eastley N, Aujla R, Khan Z. Radiographs late in the follow up of uncomplicated distal radius fractures: are they worth it? Clinical outcome and financial implications. Orthop Rev (Pavia). 2012;4(2):e20.

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Field J, Warwick D, Bannister GC, Gibson AGF. Long-term prognosis of displaced Colles’ fracture: a 10-year prospective review. Injury. 1992;23(8):529–32. https://doi.org/10.1016/0020-1383(92)90152-i.

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Gupta A. The treatment of Colles’ fracture. Immobilisation with the wrist dorsiflexed. J Bone Jt Surg Ser B. 1991;73(2):312–5.

Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

Gutiérrez-Espinoza H, Rubio-Oyarzún D, Olguín-Huerta C, Gutiérrez-Monclus R, Pinto-Concha S, Gana-Hervias G. Supervised physical therapy vs home exercise program for patients with distal radius fracture: a single-blind randomized clinical study. J Hand Ther. 2017. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jht.2017.02.001.

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Horne JG, Devane P, Purdie G. A prospective randomized trial of external fixation and plaster cast immobilization in the treatment of distal radial fractures. J Orthop Trauma. 1990;4(1):30–4.

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Jellad A, Salah S, FBen Salah Frih Z. Complex regional pain syndrome type Incidence and risk factors in patients with fracture of the distal radius. Arch Phys Med Rehabil. 2014;95(3):487–92. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.apmr.2013.09.012.

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Kulej M, Dragan S, Dragan SŁ, Krawczyk A, Płochowski J, Orzechowski W, et al. Efficacy of closed reduction and maintenance of surgical outcome in plaster cast immobilization in different types of distal radius fractures. Ortop Traumatol Rehab. 2007;9(6):577–90.

Google Scholar 

Kumar S, Penematsa SR, Sadri M, Deshmukh SC. How many clinic visits does it take to treat distal radial fractures? Int Orthop. 2008;32(1):91–6. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00264-006-0282-9.

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Kumaravel S, Karthikeyan N. Clinical and radiological comparison of displaced extra articular distal radius fracture treated with plaster or external fixator. Res J Pharm Biol Chem Sci. 2015;6(2):1108–16.

Google Scholar 

Leone J, Bhandari M, Adili A, McKenzie S, Moro JK, Dunlop RB. Predictors of early and late instability following conservative treatment of extra-articular distal radius fractures. Arch Orthop Trauma Surg. 2004;124(1):38–41. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00402-003-0597-6.

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Moroni A, Vannini F, Faldini C, Pegreffi F, Giannini S. Cast vs external fixation: a comparative study in elderly osteoporotic distal radial fracture patients. Scand J Surg. 2004;93(1):64–7.

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Rajan S, Jain S, Ray A, Bhargava P. Radiological and functional outcome in extra-articular fractures of lower end radius treated conservatively with respect to its position of immobilization. Indian j orthop. 2008;42(2):201–7.

Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Smilović J, Bilić R. Conservative treatment of extra-articular colles’ type fractures of the distal radius: prospective study. Croat Med J. 2003;44(6):740–5.

PubMed  Google Scholar 

Stein H, Volpin G, Horesh Z, Hoerer D. Cast or external fixation for fracture of the distal radius: a prospective study of 126 cases. Acta Orthop Scand. 1990;61(5):453–6.

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Stewart HD, Innes AR, Burke FD. Factors affecting the outcome of Colles’ fracture: an anatomical and functional study. Injury. 1985;16(5):289–95. https://doi.org/10.1016/0020-1383(85)90126-3.

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Stoffelen DVC, Broos PL. Kapandji pinning or closed reduction for extra-articular distal radius fractures. J Trauma Inj Infect Crit Care. 1998;45(4):753–7. https://doi.org/10.1097/00005373-199810000-00022.

Article  CAS