Inorganic ions/elementsAg-doped TiO2Plasma Electrolytic Oxidation (PEO)Significant reduction
(p < 0.05) in cell numbers of Escherichia coli and Staphylococcus aureus and metabolic activity.[55]High silver content samples showed a 6-log reduction of Staphylococcus aureusAg nanoparticles (Ag NP)-loaded calcium–phosphate solutionPlasma Electrolytic OxidationAntibacterial action aginst Staphylococcus aureus (strain B 918)[56]Zn doped HAPSolution Precursor Plasma Spray (SPPS) processAntibacterial action aginst Escherichia coli and Staphylococcus aureus[58]Selenium incorporated onto microporous titanium dioxide coatings with Ca and P on titanium substratesMicro-arc oxidation (MAO)A minimum of 94% killing activity after 28 days was observed for Escherichia coli and Staphylococcus aureus in in vitro studies[62]Zn/Sr-doped titanium dioxideMicro-arc oxidation Fewer surviving colonies of Staphylococcus aureus was observed in spread plate analysis [71]Bismuth doped nanohydroxyapatiteAlkali-thermal treatmentLarge zone of inhibiton was observed for Escherichia coli and Staphylococcus aureus[66]Samarium and Strontium on TiO2 nanotubesAnodizationNearly 100% antibacterial activity was observed for Escherichia coli and Staphylococcus aureus in plate counting experiments[67]Zone of inhibition was larger for Staphylococcus aureus than Escherichia coli.TiO2 nanotubes doped with galliumAnodization and solvent castingLow concentration of live Staphylococcus aureus and Escherichia coli was observed in Live/Dead cell assay[65]Ag–HAP-fluorideSol-gel96% reduction in Escherichia coli was observed after 6 h in spread plate results for Ag—HAP-fluoride coating which had 0.3% w/v of Ag and P/F ratio of 6[40]ZnO-HAPSpin coatingDrastic reduction in the colonies of Escherichia coli and Staphylococcus aureus was observed after 4 h of incubation[76]Niobium doped hydroxyapatiteMicrowave irradiationLarge zone of inhibition was observed for Escherichia coli and Bacillus subtilis[43]Cerium incorporated collagen-HAPImmersion of the titanium substrate in supersaturated calcification solution (Ce-SCS)After 24 h incubation 92.61% Escherichia coli and
73.59% Staphylococcus aureus were eradicated[77]Calcium Titanate-Iodine coatingSolution and heat treatment method that controllably incorporates 0.7% to 10.5% of Iodine into TitaniumAbout 99% of bactericidal activity was observed for Methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus, Staphylococcus aureus, Escherichia coli, and Staphylococcus epidermidis[84]TiN and SiC coatingMagnetron sputtering, Plasma-enhanced chemical vapor deposition system (PECVD)Reduction in number of live Porphyromonas gingivalis was observed after 4 h of incubation.[86]Antibiotic basedGentamicin loaded zinc–incorporated Halloysites (ZnHNTs)–ChitosanElectrodeposition (EPD)Inhibition zones of 3.11 ± 0.79 cm2/unit area of the sample was observed in disc diffusion assay for Staphylococcus aureus[96]Gentamicin and polyacrylic acid (PAA)Layer-by-layer assemblyAbout 99% of bactericidal activity was observed for Staphylococcus aureus and Escherichia coli[97]Chitosan/cefazolin Electrophoretic depositionNearly 100% bactericidal activity against Escherichia coli was shown by the coating which has the highest drug concentration[98]Levofloxacin loaded graphene coatingSandblasting,
large-grit, acid-etching and salinizationLarge bacteriostatic circle diameters were observed for Staphylococcus aureus and Escherichia coli[99]Chitosan, coated with a thin layer of melittin and loaded with the antibiotics vancomycin and OxacillinSpin coating and casting methodThe coatings were able to eradicate Methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) and Vancomycin Resistant Staphylococcus aureus (VRSA) at the early stages[95]poly-L-lysine (PLL)/sodium alginate (SA)/Silver nanoparticlesElectrostatic self-assembly, dip coatingA distinct ring was observed in zone of inhibition test for Staphylococcus aureus and Staphylococcus mutans[102]N-halamine based porous coating (Ti-PAA-NCl)Alkali-heat treatment, surface grafting and N-Cl functionalizationBactericidal rate of 96% for Staphylococcus aureus and 91% Porphyromonas gingivalis was observed in contact killing assay[103]Diethyl phosphite (DEP) coated Titanium (pp (DEP)-Ti)Plasma polymerizationThe number of Staphylococcus aureus and Candida albicans colonies decreased after 24 h[104]Phosphonate/active ester block copolymers (pDEMMP-b-pNHSMA) and PHMBReversible addition-fragmentation chain transfer (RAFT) polymerization.Nearly 100% antibacterial activity was observed for Staphylococcus aureus and Escherichia coli[105] Antimicrobial Peptide basedA recombinant elastin like peptide coating with cell-
adhesive RGD sequences with a covalently attached AMP,
RRP9W4Covalent immobilization of AMPs to titanium surfaceThe number dead Staphylococcus epidermidis, Staphylococcus aureus, and Pseudomonas aeruginosa cells increased after 48 h[107]RRP9W4N incorporated into mesoporous TiO2.Spin-coating Bactericidal action against Staphylococcus epidermidis[45]Pectolite nanorod (NCS) with AMP-loaded collagen shellMicroarc oxidation (MAO), Spin coatingContact killing efficiency was almost 100% for Staphylococcus aureus[108]Multifunctional Coatingspoly (quaternary ammonium salts-co-methacrylic acid) (PQA)Anodic Oxidation and Spray coatingEfficient antibacterial action was observed against Escherichia coli and Staphylococcus aureus[114]P (vinylcaprolactam (VCL)–co-polyethylene glycol methacrylate (PEGMA)–co-alkyl-dimethyl tertiary amine (QAS)–co-vinyltrimethoxysilane (VTMO)) copolymer/ TiO2 nanotubeLayer-by-layer (LbL) self-assembly methodAntibacterial action was observed at lower pH for Staphylococcus aureus and Escherichia coli[115]Nano amorphous calcium phosphate (ACP) and titanium dioxide with chitosan oligosaccharide lactate (ChOL)Anodization and anaphoretic electrodepositionThree-to-four-fold reduction in the number of Staphylococcus aureus and Pseudomonas aeruginosa colonies was observed after 420 min[116]
poly (methacrylic acid) (PMAA) loaded onto TiO2 nanotubes (Ti-NTs) with HHC36 peptides, with a sequence of KRWWKWWRRAnodization99% of bactericidal activity was observed for Staphylococcus aureus, Escherichia coli, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus[112]Yb and Er doped Ti nano -shovel/quercetin/L-arginine (TiO2@UCN/Qr/LA)PhototherapyAbove 90% bactericidal action against Staphylococcus aureus[69]