Viruses, Vol. 14, Pages 2685: Nonthermal Biocompatible Plasma Inactivation of Coronavirus SARS-CoV-2: Prospects for Future Antiviral Applications

Two basic groups of plasma systems are typically characterized: thermal plasmas and non-thermal plasmas, in which the temperatures of the various plasma species differ. Due to growing interest in industries like aerospace, microelectronics, automotive, material processing, metal melting and welding, plasma chemical synthesis, vapor deposition, plasma, arc spraying, and waste destruction during the past few decades, thermal plasma technology has advanced [57]. The major phenomena involved in typical atmospheric plasma devices are Joule heating and thermal ionization [57]. These devices are made possible by arcs or radio frequency (RF) inductively coupled plasma discharges. The main limitations of thermal plasmas include low excitation selectivity and extremely high gas temperatures, as well as stringent quenching requirements and electrode issues that restrict the energy efficiency and practicality of thermal plasma sources. Thermal plasmas are nearly fully ionized plasma in which all particles have about the same temperature. Thermal plasma was also known as hot plasma or equilibrium plasma. Based on the demands, the equilibrium plasma was used in a variety of applications [58,59]. On the other hand, nonthermal plasma contains light electrons, which have much higher temperatures than heavy atoms and molecules and are often close to room temperature. Due to their high selectivity in plasma chemical processes and their ability to function well at low temperatures without quenching, non-thermal plasmas, such as low-pressure glow and RF, microwave discharges, dielectric barrier discharges, and laser-produced plasmas, have been used. Non-thermal atmospheric pressure plasmas have more recently been researched for a range of industrial and medical applications and are known as NBP or plasma medicines [58,60,61,62,63,64,65,66]. The NBP was also known as a cold plasma or non-equilibrium plasma. NBP is appropriate for treating a wide range of biological materials, including solids, liquids, and aerosols because it is at room temperature at the site of application. Low pressure and atmospheric pressure are two different types of NBPs that offer a wide range of applications [58,59,62,64,67,68,69,70,71]. Low-pressure plasma spreads across a vast volume, but high-pressure plasma is restricted to the volume where substantial electric fields exist [59]. Electric discharges are commonly used for the sustainability of plasma. The temperature of the gas is normally unchanged, but because of the presence of reactive species, the chemical reactivity is much higher than the source gas. Because of practical reasons, atmospheric pressure plasma has been employed in biological systems [55,72]. Numerous in vitro and in vivo investigations have demonstrated the positive effects of plasma. In several clinical studies [73,74], NBP was also shown to be safe for people and is well-known as a plasma medicine [58,75,76].

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