Efficacy and cerebral mechanism of acupuncture and moxibustion for treating primary dysmenorrhea: study protocol for a randomized controlled clinical trial

This is a randomized controlled paralleled neuroimaging trial. A total of 72 patients meeting the inclusion criteria will be recruited and randomly divided into three groups (the acupuncture treatment group, the moxibustion treatment group, and the waiting list group) by the ratio of 1:1:1 after a 3-month baseline period. Acupuncture and moxibustion treatment period will last for 3 menstrual cycles, while the waiting list group will not take acupuncture or moxibustion treatment during these 3 menstrual cycles. All patients will be allowed to use analgetic (VAS ≥ 8 cm), and the name, dose, and exact time of the medication will be recorded in the dysmenorrhea diary. Clinical outcome measurements and fMRI scan will be conducted at baseline and at the end of treatment. The study procedures are detailed in Fig. 1.

Fig. 1figure 1

Flowchart of the study. A total of 72 eligible patients with PDM will be randomly assigned to three groups: acupuncture treatment group, moxibustion treatment group, and waiting list group. Patients in the acupuncture treatment group and moxibustion treatment group will receive acupuncture or moxibustion, respectively, for a total of 3 sessions over 3 consecutive menstrual cycles, and the waiting list group will not take acupuncture or moxibustion during these 3 menstrual cycles. Both the outcome assessments and fMRI scan will be performed at baseline and at the end of treatment. The central mechanism of acupuncture and moxibustion in the treatment of PDM will be analyzed after data collection. fMRI, functional magnetic resonance imaging; PDM, primary dysmenorrhea

The study protocol conforms to the SPIRIT 2013 statement (Standard Protocol Items: Recommendations for Interventional Trials) [20]. The protocol has been approved by the Institutional Review Board of the Hospital of Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine (CDUTCM) (approved number: 2021KL-010) and registered at Clinical Trial Registry (registration number: ChiCTR2100043732).

Participants and recruitment strategy

Patients will be recruited from the outpatient clinic in the Gynecology Department of the Affiliated Hospital of CDUTCM and the campus of CDUTCM. The recruitment strategy mainly includes posting advertisement, delivering leaflets, and distributing information on WeChat (the largest social media platform in China). All patients will be informed of the study procedures, potential benefits, and risks, and written informed consent will be obtained before the allocation.

Inclusion criteria

Patients fulfilling the following criteria will be included: (1) nulliparous women aged 18–30 years old, (2) right-handed, (3) meeting the diagnostic criteria of PDM under the Primary Dysmenorrhea Consensus Guideline [21], (4) having regular menstrual cycles (28 days ±7 days), (5) having an average score of the menstrual pain visual analog scale (VAS) of at least 4 cm (range of 0 to 10 cm) during the last menstrual period, and (6) having signed informed consent form.

Exclusion criteria

Patients matching any of the following criteria will be excluded: (1) having been diagnosed with secondary dysmenorrhea caused by polycystic ovarian syndrome, endometriosis, uterine myoma, or other gynecological problems confirmed by B-ultrasound and gynecological examination, (2) having MRI contraindications such as severe claustrophobia, pacemakers, or implanted ferromagnetic metal, (3) experiencing severe depressive or anxiety disorder, (4) complicating with life-threatening diseases such as psychiatric, neurologic, cardiovascular, cerebrovascular, liver, kidney, and hematopoietic system illnesses, (5) being pregnant or lactating or preparing to be pregnant, (6) using analgesics and sedatives 2 weeks prior to enrollment, and (7) participating in other clinical trials.

Sample size

According to the statistical requirements of neuroimaging studies, 12–15 individuals in each group is the reasonable sample size for stable cerebral responses [22, 23]. Considering a drop-out rate of 20% and possible excessive head motion during scanning, a sample size of 24 in each group is required, and a total of 72 PDM patients will be recruited.

Randomization and blinding

Randomization will be implemented using computer-generated randomization digital table which is created by Excel’s rand function. Seventy-two eligible PDM patients will be randomly assigned to the acupuncture group, moxibustion group, and waiting list group (1:1:1 ratio). Random information will be put into an opaque, sealed envelope and saved by those who will not participate in the study. Due to the particularity operation of acupuncture and moxibustion, it is difficult to blind operators and patients. However, outcome assessors and statisticians were blinded to the procedure and the result of randomization, group allocation, and intervention to reduce the risk of bias.

InterventionsAcupuncture interventions

Patients in this group will receive manual acupuncture at CV4 (Guan yuan) and SP6 (San yinjiao) with disposable sterile filiform needles (0.25 × 40 mm, Huatuo Medical Instrument Co., Ltd., China). Based on our previous studies and academic literature data mining, these acupoints have been proven to be effective and most frequently used for PDM [13, 24, 25]. Needles will be perpendicularly inserted into the acupoints at a depth of 20–30 mm after skin disinfection using alcohol; acupuncturists will then bi-directionally twist the needles by 90–180°, lifting and thrusting the needles with the amplitude of 3–5 mm for 1–1.5 Hz to induce Deqi sensation. After the Deqi sensation is attained, the needles will be retained at the acupoints for 30 min.

Moxibustion treatment

Patients in this group will receive mild moxibustion at CV4 and SP6 with moxa sticks (Z32021062, Oriental Moxa Co., Suzhou, China). The moxa sticks are made of moxa floss and are cylindrical, with a diameter of 1.5 cm and a length of 20 cm. The ignited moxa sticks will be applied approximately 2–3 cm above the dermal layer of the acupoints to produce a mildly warm and comfortable sensation that is similar to a Deqi sensation in acupuncture. Moxibustion at each point commonly lasts for about 10–15 min [13].

Patients will receive acupuncture or moxibustion treatment 5 days before the onset of menstruation, once a day, 5 days a session for a total of 3 sessions over 3 consecutive menstrual cycles. All the acupuncture and moxibustion manipulation will be performed by two licensed acupuncturists with at least 3 years of clinical experience.

Waiting list group

Patients in the waiting list group will not receive acupuncture or moxibustion intervention and only need to maintain their previous habits. The participants will also complete the examination and evaluation at the corresponding time point. Considering the ethical requirements, all patients in this group will receive free acupuncture or moxibustion treatment at the end of the trial.

Measurements

The measurements mainly include basic information collection, symptom measurement, and neuroimaging scanning assessments. All measurements will be performed independently by trained assessors. The study schedule is exhibited in Table 1.

Table 1 Study schedule of enrollment, intervention, and assessmentsDemographic and basic clinical information collection

The demographic information including name, age, height, weight, level of education, and history of PDM and other concomitant diseases will be collected at the baseline. The vital signs including blood pressure, pulse, respiration rate, and temperature will also be measured.

Symptoms measurementThe COX menstrual symptom scale (CMSS)

The CMSS is commonly used to evaluate dysmenorrhea symptoms and other accompanying symptoms [26]. The scale contains 18 symptom items, each of which includes both total onset time and average severity.

Visual analog scale (VAS)

The VAS is a tool widely used to measure pain intensity [27]. Patients will be asked to indicate a perception of pain intensity scored from 1 to 10 (0 = no pain sensation, 10 = the worst pain sensation) along a 100-mm horizontal line.

Pain catastrophizing scale (PCS)

The PCS is a 13-item self-report tool used to assess an exaggerated negative orientation towards actual or anticipated pain experiences [28, 29]. The scale measures different features of pain catastrophizing from three subscales: rumination, magnification, and helplessness.

Psychological state assessment

The Self-rating Anxiety Scale (SAS) and Self-rating Depression Scale (SDS) will be used to evaluate the emotional state [30, 31].

Measurements for the quality of life

The 36-item Short Form Health Survey (SF-36) will be used to evaluate the quality of life [32]. The scale contains 8 dimensions including physical functioning, role limitations due to physical health problems, role limitations due to emotional problems, social functioning, bodily pain, vitality, mental health, and general health.

The VAS, CMSS, and PCS will be measured at baseline and every menstrual cycle throughout the treatment. The SAS, SDS, and SF-36 will be measured at baseline and at the end of the treatment.

MRI scan

All participants will receive MRI scans at the baseline and at the end of the treatment. MRI data will be acquired with a 3.0-T magnetic resonance scanner (GE 3.0 T MR750; GE Healthcare, Chicago, IL, USA) at the MRI Center in University of Electronic Science and Technology of China. A comfortable sponge pad is used to fix the subject’s head to minimize head motion, and earplugs are used to attenuate noise. At the same time, all participants will be told to remain motionless, keep their eyes closed, and stay awake during the scanning. The scanning procedure contains a localizer, a high-resolution three-dimensional T1-weighted imaging (3D-T1WI), and a blood oxygenation level-dependent fMRI (BOLD-fMRI).

The scanning parameters will be as follows: 3D-T1WI—repetition time (TR)/echo time (TE) = 2000/30 ms, slice thickness = 1 mm, slice number = 1, matrix size = 128 × 128, and field of view (FOV) = 256 × 256 mm; BOLD-fMRI—TR/TE = 2000/30 ms, flip angle = 90°, slice number = 35, matrix size = 128 × 128, FOV = 240 × 240 mm, slice thickness = 4 mm, and total volume = 240.

Patient safety

Adverse events (AE) and serious adverse events (SAE) may occur during the acupuncture and moxibustion treatment or neuroimaging scanning. For example, possible adverse events due to acupuncture include subcutaneous hemorrhage, severe pain, and fainting. Possible adverse events due to moxibustion include blisters, redness, itching, and burns. All adverse events will be treated immediately and recorded in the case report form (CRFs) in detail throughout the trial. SAEs will be reported to the Research Ethics Committee within 24 h. Furthermore, all events will be evaluated for their relevance to the intervention and severity.

Data management and monitoring

Data will be collected by a dedicated researcher, and the quality of the data will be supervised by two independent researchers. The communication between researchers and participants will be strengthened to improve adherence and to promote participant retention. The clinical data will be recorded accurately and timely in printed CRFs. All the neuroimaging data will be stored in dedicated hard drives after every scanning is completed. The Ethics Committee of the First Teaching Hospital of Chengdu University of TCM will be supervising this trial and will make the final decision to terminate the trial. The process will be independent from the investigators and the sponsor. The data safety monitoring board (DSMB) will be established to ensure patient safety and data confidentiality. The DSMB will conduct ongoing safety monitoring and meet every 3 months.

Data analysis

A detailed statistical analysis plan (SAP) was developed before the initiation of the statistical analysis. The data analysis will be completed by statisticians who are independent from the research team. The SAP includes clinical data analysis and neuroimaging data processing and analysis.

Clinical data analysis

The Kolmogorov-Smirnov test will be used to test the normal distribution of continuous variables. Continuous variables on normal distribution will be presented by mean ± standard deviation, while continuous variables of skewed distribution were expressed as medians and interquartile ranges (IQRs). Analyses will be performed on an intention-to-treat basis. Multiple imputations will be used to handle the missing data. Paired samples t-test will be used to compare the clinical outcomes between baseline and end of treatment in each group. Since there are three groups (acupuncture group, moxibustion group, and waiting-list group) with two time points (pre-treatment and post-treatment), the repeated measures analysis of variance (ANOVA) will be employed to analyze the clinical data. In the 2 × 3 group factorial design, the dependent variables were the clinical data collected from pre-treatment and post-treatment, and data in the three different groups will serve as the independent variable. ANOVA and chi-square test will be used to compare group differences at baseline. ANOVA with Šidák corrections will be used to compare the differences between the groups. Clinical data on skewed distribution will be compared using a non-parametric test. A two-sided test is applied for available data, and a P value of less than 0.05 is considered statistically significant. Missing data will be replaced by the data from the latest assessment.

Neuroimaging data processing and analysis

The fMRI data will be preprocessed and post hoc analyzed by the SPM12 software (http://www.fil.ion.ucl.ac.uk/spm/) and CONN toolbox (http://www.nitrc.org/projects/conn) performed on MATLAB 2015b (MathWorks, Inc., Natick, MA, USA). The preprocessing steps will include slice timing correction, head motion correction, spatial normalization, spatial smoothing, and detrending. After data preprocessing, amplitude of low-frequency fluctuation, regional homogeneity, and functional connectivity will be used to investigate the cerebral responses of the different study groups. ANOVA will be used to evaluate possible cerebral responses in each group by within-group analysis (post-treatment minus pre-treatment). A threshold of voxel-wise P < 0.005 uncorrected and cluster-level P < 0.05 false discovery rate (FDR) corrected will be applied to all analyses. Pearson’s correlation test will be conducted to investigate the changes between fMRI data and corresponding clinical data in each group.

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