Antibiotics, Vol. 11, Pages 1721: Antiamoebic Properties of Ceftriaxone and Zinc-Oxide–Cyclodextrin-Conjugated Ceftriaxone

Conceptualization, R.S. and N.A.K.; Funding acquisition, R.S., A.M.A., H.A. and N.A.K.; Investigation, Z.M., R.S., M.R.S., A.M.A., H.A. and N.A.K.; Methodology, Z.M., N.A., R.S. and N.A.K.; Project administration, M.R.S. and R.S.; Resources, A.M.A. and H.A.; Supervision, R.S., M.R.S. and N.A.K.; Writing—original draft, R.S. and Z.M.; Writing—review and editing, M.R.S. and N.A.K. All authors have read and agreed to the published version of the manuscript.

Figure 1. The amoebicidal activity of the compounds was investigated. After a 24 h incubation period, all compounds showed no amoebicidal effects of significance at the concentration of 100 μg/mL. The results are presented as the mean ± standard error.

Figure 1. The amoebicidal activity of the compounds was investigated. After a 24 h incubation period, all compounds showed no amoebicidal effects of significance at the concentration of 100 μg/mL. The results are presented as the mean ± standard error.

Antibiotics 11 01721 g001

Figure 2. The amoebistatic effects of the compounds were tested. ZnO-CD-CFT markedly inhibited the growth of A. castellanii at a concentration of 100 μg/mL in 24 h of incubation. The other compounds showed no amoebistatic effects of significance. The results are presented as the mean ± standard error. Note that ZnO-CD-CFT but not CFT alone showed significant inhibition (p < 0.05, using a two-sample t test, two tailed distribution).

Figure 2. The amoebistatic effects of the compounds were tested. ZnO-CD-CFT markedly inhibited the growth of A. castellanii at a concentration of 100 μg/mL in 24 h of incubation. The other compounds showed no amoebistatic effects of significance. The results are presented as the mean ± standard error. Note that ZnO-CD-CFT but not CFT alone showed significant inhibition (p < 0.05, using a two-sample t test, two tailed distribution).

Antibiotics 11 01721 g002

Figure 3. The MIC50 values of the CFT and ZnO-CD-CFT for amoebistatic activity were determined using the following concentrations: 50, 75, and 100 µM. The MIC50 values for the CFT and ZnO-CD-CFT were 101.9 μg/mL and 74.64 μg/mL, respectively. The results are presented as the mean ± standard error.

Figure 3. The MIC50 values of the CFT and ZnO-CD-CFT for amoebistatic activity were determined using the following concentrations: 50, 75, and 100 µM. The MIC50 values for the CFT and ZnO-CD-CFT were 101.9 μg/mL and 74.64 μg/mL, respectively. The results are presented as the mean ± standard error.

Antibiotics 11 01721 g003

Figure 4. To determine whether the utilized compounds inhibited A. castellanii encystation, encystment assays were carried out. The results revealed that the CFT and ZnO-CD-CFT markedly inhibited encystment at a concentration of 100 μg/mL in 48 h incubation. The data are presented as the mean ± standard error (* is p > 0.05).

Figure 4. To determine whether the utilized compounds inhibited A. castellanii encystation, encystment assays were carried out. The results revealed that the CFT and ZnO-CD-CFT markedly inhibited encystment at a concentration of 100 μg/mL in 48 h incubation. The data are presented as the mean ± standard error (* is p > 0.05).

Antibiotics 11 01721 g004

Figure 5. After observing the marked effects of the ZnO-CD-CFT and CFT, excystment assays were performed to investigate the effects of the CFT and ZnO-CD-CFT on A. castellanii excystation. At the concentration of 100 μg/mL, ZnO-CD-CFT and CFT showed no statistically significant effects on excystation. The results are presented as the mean ± standard error.

Figure 5. After observing the marked effects of the ZnO-CD-CFT and CFT, excystment assays were performed to investigate the effects of the CFT and ZnO-CD-CFT on A. castellanii excystation. At the concentration of 100 μg/mL, ZnO-CD-CFT and CFT showed no statistically significant effects on excystation. The results are presented as the mean ± standard error.

Antibiotics 11 01721 g005

Figure 6. Cytopathogenicity assays were executed to investigate the effects of the ZnO-CD-CFT, CFT, and ZnO-CD-Control on A. castellanii mediated cytopathogenicity. Notably, the ZnO-CD-CFT reduced A. castellanii cytopathogenicity with significance. The results are presented as the mean ± standard error (* is p > 0.05).

Figure 6. Cytopathogenicity assays were executed to investigate the effects of the ZnO-CD-CFT, CFT, and ZnO-CD-Control on A. castellanii mediated cytopathogenicity. Notably, the ZnO-CD-CFT reduced A. castellanii cytopathogenicity with significance. The results are presented as the mean ± standard error (* is p > 0.05).

Antibiotics 11 01721 g006

Figure 7. Cytotoxicity assays were performed to determine the toxicity of these compounds towards human cells. All the employed compounds displayed minimal cytotoxicity. The results presented as the mean ± standard error (* is p > 0.05).

Figure 7. Cytotoxicity assays were performed to determine the toxicity of these compounds towards human cells. All the employed compounds displayed minimal cytotoxicity. The results presented as the mean ± standard error (* is p > 0.05).

Antibiotics 11 01721 g007

Table 1. This table outlines the nanocarriers and drugs used in this study with their abbreviations.

Table 1. This table outlines the nanocarriers and drugs used in this study with their abbreviations.

AbbreviationFull NameZnO-CD-ControlZinc Oxide β-cyclodextrin CFTCeftriaxoneZnO-CD-CFTZinc Oxide β-cyclodextrin ceftriaxoneZnO-CD-AMPIZinc Oxide AmpicillinAMPIAmpicillinNegative controlAmoebae alone in mediumPositive controlAmoebae with 0.25% sodium dodecyl sulfate (SDS) in medium

留言 (0)

沒有登入
gif