A review on the role of miR-210 in human disorders

MicroRNAs (miRNAs) are small-sized transcripts that regulate expressions of mRNA targets through base-pairing with them [47], [48]. The process of biogenesis and maturation of miRNAs is a multi-step mechanism being accomplished both in the nucleus and in the cytoplasm [1] (Fig. 1).

miRNAs can affect expression of genes at the post-transcriptional level through induction of mRNAs cleavage or inhibition of translation [2]. miRNAs have diverse functions in cell physiology. Several lines of evidence suggest a direct link between miRNAs and human disorders. In fact, miRNAs expression profiles are associated with numerous types of diseases, particularly cancer. Furthermore, gain and loss of miRNAs target sites have causal effects in genetic disorders [2].

miR-210 is a miRNA with important effects in the pathophysiology of human disorders. miR-210 is encoded by MIR210 gene on chromosome 11p15.5 (https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/gene/406992). The stem–loop of this miRNA resides in an intron of the AK123483 noncoding RNA [3].

This miRNA has been best recognized as a major hypoxamir whose expression is increased in hypoxic condition in a variety of primary and transformed cells [4]. After being induced by HIF1α [5], miR-210 contributes in a wide collection of cellular and developmental processes (Fig. 2). Notably, a hypoxia responsive element (HRE) has been recognized in the promoter region of miR-210. HIF1α directly binds with this region [3]. Moreover, a conserved NF-κB binding site has been identified upstream of miR-210 stem-loop [6], indicating the importance of this nuclear factor in modulation of expression of miR-210.

Several studies have shown dysregulation of expression of miR-210 in cancer cell lines or clinical samples. Moreover, contribution of miR-210 in several non-malignant conditions such as peripheral artery disease, atherosclerosis obliterans, acute cerebral infarction, immunoglobulin A nephropathy, diabetic retinopathy, intervertebral disc degeneration, psoriasis, Graves’ disease, systemic lupus erythematosus, osteoarthritis, multiple sclerosis and endometriosis has been the subject of other investigations. Due to the presence of pleiotropy, miR-210 regulates the mitochondrial metabolism, and apoptosis. Additionally, it can induce cell growth, metastasis, and angiogenesis. It has also a significant role in DNA damage response, and cell survival processes.

Similar to other miRNAs, regulating different signaling pathways, miR-210 can potentially exert opposite effects depending on its cellular location. In the current review, we provide a complete summary of participation of miR-210 in human disorders and its involvement in biological processes.

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