Olweus D, Limber SP. Bullying in school: evaluation and dissemination of the Olweus bullying prevention program. Am J Orthopsychiatry. 2010;80(1):124–34.

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Espelage DL, Swearer SM. Research on school bullying and victimization: what have we learned and where do we go from here? Sch Psychol Rev. 2003;32(3):365–83.

Article  Google Scholar 

UNESCO. Behind the numbers: ending school violence and bullying. 2019. https:// unesdoc. unesco. org/ ark:/ 48223/ pf0000366483. Accessed 9 July 2022.

Sittichai R, Smith PK. Bullying in south-east Asian countries: a review. Aggress Violent Behav. 2015;23:22–35.

Article  Google Scholar 

Nakamoto J, Schwartz D. Is peer victimization associated with academic achievement? a meta-analytic review. Soc Develop. 2010;19:221–42. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-9507.2009.00539.x.

Article  Google Scholar 

Woods S, Done J, Kalsi H. Peer victimization and internalizing difficulties: the moderating role of friendship quality. J Adolesc. 2009;32:293–308. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.adolescence.2008.03.005.

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Hamilton JL, Shapero B, Stange JP, Hamlat EJ, Abramson LY, Alloy LB. Emotional maltreatment, peer victimization, and depressive versus anxiety symptoms during adolescence: hopelessness as a mediator. J Clin Child Adolesc Psychol. 2013;42:332–47. https://doi.org/10.1080/15374416.2013.777916.

Article  PubMed Central  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Klomek AB, Sourander A, Gould A. The association of suicide and bullying in childhood to young adulthood: a review of cross-sectional and longitudinal research findings. Can J Psychiatry. 2010;55:282–8. https://doi.org/10.1177/070674371005500503.

Article  Google Scholar 

Menesini E, Modena M, Tani F. Bullying and victimization in adolescence: concurrent and stable roles and psychological health problems. J Genet Psychol. 2009;170:115–33. https://doi.org/10.3200/GNTP.170.2.115-134.

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Bowes L, Joinson C, Wolke D, Lewis G. Peer victimisation during adolescence and its impact on depression in early adulthood: prospective cohort study in the United Kingdom. BMJ. 2015;350:h2469. https://doi.org/10.1136/bmj.h2469.

Article  PubMed Central  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Smith PK, López-Castro L, Robinson S, Görzig A. Consistency of gender differences in bullying in cross-cultural surveys. Aggress Violent Behav. 2019;45:33–40.

Article  Google Scholar 

Didaskalou E, Roussi-Vergou C, Andreou E. Greek adolescents’ victimization experiences, reactions, ability to cope and sense of school safety. Am J Psychol Behav Sci. 2015;2(2):41–51.

Google Scholar 

Hemphill S, Tollit M, Kotevski A, Heerdle J. Predictors of traditional and cyber-bullying victimization: a longitudinal study of Australian secondary school students. J Interpers Violence. 2014;30(15):1–24.

Google Scholar 

Skrzypiec GK, Askell-Williams H, Slee PT, Lawson M. Involvement in high school: a survival analysis approach. Violence Vict. 2018;33(3):563–82.

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Pichel R, Foody M, O’Higgins Norman J, Feijóo S, Varela J, Rial A. Bullying, cyberbullying and the overlap: What does age have to do with it? Sustainability 2021:13:8527.

Article  Google Scholar 

Schütz J, Schipper N, Koglin U. Bullying in school and cyberbullying among adolescents without and with special educational needs in emotional–social development and in learning in Germany. Psychol Sch. 2022;1–18. https://doi.org/10.1002/pits.22722

Chan J, Ryan C, Fung A, Gerstein L, Kinsey R. Differential experience of peer victimisation among children with learning disabilities in Hong Kong. J Pac Rim Psychol. 2018;12:E34.

Article  Google Scholar 

Ferreira-Junior V, Valente JY, Sanchez ZM. Examining associations between race, gender, alcohol use, school performance, and patterns of bullying in the school context: a latent class analysis. J Interpers Violence. 2021. https://doi.org/10.1177/0886260521999123.

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Margraf H, Pinquart M. Bullying and social support: variation by school-type and emotional or behavioural disturbances. Emot Behav Diffic. 2016;21(3):258–70.

Article  Google Scholar 

Hong JS, Peguero AA, Espelage DL. Experiences in bullying and/or peer victimization of vulnerable, marginalized, and oppressed children and adolescents: an introduction to the special issue. Am J Orthopsychiatry. 2018;88(4):399–401.

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Koh CW, Tan A. Bullying in Singapore schools. Research monograph no 8. Singapore: Singapore Children’s Society. 2008. https://www.childrensociety.org.sg/resources/front/template/scs/files/bullying.pdf. Accessed 18 July 2022.

Ong W, Elliott JM. Young adult’s recall of school bullying. Research monograph no 9. Singapore: Singapore Children’s Society. 2010. https://bullyfree.sg/wp-content/uploads/2018/08/YOUNG-ADULTS%E2%80%99-RECALL-OF-SCHOOL-BULLYING.pdf. Accessed 8 July 2022.

Shahwan S, Abdin E, Zhang Y, Sambasivam R, Fauziana R, Mahesh M, Ong SH, Chong SA, Subramaniam M. Deliberate self-harm in psychiatric outpatients aged 14–35 years in Singapore. Ann Acad Med Singap. 2018;47(9):360–72.

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Paul A, Gallot C, Lelouche C, Bouvard MP, Amestoy A. Victimisation in a French population of children and youths with autism spectrum disorder: a case control study. Child Adolesc Psychiatry Ment Health. 2018;12:48.

Article  CAS  PubMed Central  PubMed  Google Scholar 

United Nations. Global issues—Youth. 2022. https://www.un.org/esa/socdev/documents/youth/fact-sheets/youth-definition.pdf. Accessed 8 July 2022.

Mynard H, Joseph S. Development of the multidimensional peer-victimization scale. Aggress Behav. 2000;26:169–78. https://doi.org/10.1002/(SICI)1098-2337(2000)26:2169:AID-AB33.0.CO;2-A.

Article  Google Scholar 

Zhang W, Chen L, Ji L, Zhang L, Chen G, Wang S. Physical and relational victimization, and children’s emotional adjustment in middle childhood. Acta Psychol Sin. 2009;41:433–43. https://doi.org/10.3724/SP.J.1041.2009.00433.

Article  Google Scholar 

Cosgrove HE, Nickerson AB, DeLucia J. Past Peer victimization and current adult attachment in college students. J Coll Couns. 2017;20:22–36. https://doi.org/10.1002/jocc.12056.

Article  Google Scholar 

Tan ML, Wee HL, Salim A, Lee J, Ma S, Heng D, Tai ES, Thumboo J. Validity of a revised short form-12 health survey version 2 in different ethnic populations. Ann Acad Med Singap. 2016;45(6):228–36.

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Kroenke K, Strine TW, Spitzer RL, Williams JB, Berry JT, Mokdad AH. The PHQ-8 as a measure of current depression in the general population. J Affect Disord. 2009;114:163–73. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jad.2008.06.026.

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Hu LT, Bentler PM. Cutoff criteria for fit indexes in covariance structure analysis: conventional criteria versus new alternatives. Struct Equ Model. 1999;6:1–55. https://doi.org/10.1080/10705519909540118.

Article  Google Scholar 

SAS Institute Inc. SAS Institute Inc., Cary, NC, USA; 2013

MacCallum RC, Browne MW, Sugawara HM. Power analysis and determination of sample size for covariance structure modeling. Psychol Methods. 1996;1:130.

Article  Google Scholar 

McNicholas CI, Orpinas P, Raczynski K. 2020 Victimized for being different: young adults with disabilities and peer victimization in middle and high school. J Interpers Violence. 1920;35:3683–709. https://doi.org/10.1177/0886260517710485.

Article  Google Scholar 

McLaughlin K, Hatzenbuechler M, Hilt L. Emotion dysregulation as a mechanism linking peer victimization to internalizing symptoms in adolescents. J Consult Clin Psychol. 2009;77:894–904. https://doi.org/10.1037/a0015760.

Article  PubMed Central  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Bond L, Carlin J, Thomas L, Rubbin K, Patton G. Does bullying cause emotional problems? a prospective study of young teenagers. Br Med J. 2001;323:480–4. https://doi.org/10.1136/bmj.323.7311.480.

Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

Kaltiala-Heino R, Fröjd S, Marttunen M. Involvement in bullying and depression in a 2-year follow-up in middle adolescence. Eur Child Adolesc Psychiatry. 2010;19:45–55. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00787-009-0039-2.

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Wiener J, Mak M. Peer victimization in children with attention-deficit/ hyperactivity disorder. Psychol Sch. 2009;46:116–31. https://doi.org/10.1002/pits.20358.

Article  Google Scholar 

Hosozawa M, Bann D, Fink E, Elsden E, Baba S, Iso H, Patalay P. Bullying victimisation in adolescence: prevalence and inequalities by gender, socioeconomic status and academic performance across 71 countries. EClinicalMedicine. 2021;41:101142.

Article  PubMed Central  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Craig W, Harel-Fisch Y, Fogel-Grinvald H, Dostaler S, Hetland J, Simons-Morton B, Molcho M, de Mato MG, Overpeck M, Due P, Pickett W. HBSC violence & injuries prevention focus group; HBSC bullying writing group a cross-national profile of bullying and victimization among adolescents in 40 countries. Inter J Public Health. 2009;54(2):216–24. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00038-009-5413-9.

Article  Google Scholar 

Card NA, Stucky BD, Sawalani GM, Little TD. Direct and indirect aggression during childhood and adolescence: a meta-analytic review of gender differences, intercorrelations, and relations to maladjustment. Child Dev. 2008;79:1185–229. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-8624.2008.01184.x.

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Book AS, Starzyk KB, Quinsey VL. The relationship between testosterone and aggression: a meta-analysis. Aggress Violent Behav. 2001;6:579–99. https://doi.org/10.1016/S1359-1789(00)00032-X.

Article  Google Scholar 

Bahali AG, Bahali K, Biyik Ozkaya D, Bilgic A, Su O, Onsun N. The associations between peer victimization, psychological symptoms and quality of life in adolescents with acne vulgaris. J Eur Acad Dermatol Venereo. 2016;30:e184-6. https://doi.org/10.1111/jdv.13495.

Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

Van Dyk TR, Nelson TD. Peer victimization and child physical health: the moderating role of pessimism. J Pediatr Psychol. 2014;39:469–80. https://doi.org/10.1093/jpepsy/jst147.

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Janicke DM, Marciel KK, Ingerski LM, Novoa W, Lowry KW, Sallinen BJ, Silkverstein JH. Impact of psychosocial factors on quality of life in overweight youth. Obesity. 2007;15:1799–807. https://doi.org/10.1038/oby.2007.214.

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Stapinski LA, Araya R, Heron J, Montgomery AA, Stallard P. Peer victimization during adolescence: concurrent and prospective impact on symptoms of depression and anxiety. Anxiety Stress Coping. 2015;28(1):105–20.

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Kim YK, Yu M, Cronley C, Yang M. Peer victimization, depression, and sexual risk behaviors among high school youth in the United States: a gender-based approach. Int J Adolesc Med Health. 2019. https://doi.org/10.1515/ijamh-2019-0139.

Article  PubMed