Cascella M, Rajnik M, Aleem A, Dulebohn SC, Di Napoli R. Features, evaluation, and treatment of coronavirus (COVID-19). Statpearls. 2022.

Buzhdygan TP, DeOre BJ, Baldwin-Leclair A, Bullock TA, McGary HM, Khan JA, et al. The SARS-CoV-2 spike protein alters barrier function in 2D static and 3D microfluidic in-vitro models of the human blood–brain barrier. Neurobiol Dis. 2020;146: 105131.

Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Rhea EM, Logsdon AF, Hansen KM, Williams LM, Reed MJ, Baumann KK, et al. The S1 protein of SARS-CoV-2 crosses the blood–brain barrier in mice. Nat Neurosci. 2021;24(3):368–78.

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Kim ES, Jeon M-T, Kim K-S, Lee S, Kim S, Kim D-G. Spike proteins of SARS-CoV-2 induce pathological changes in molecular delivery and metabolic function in the brain endothelial cells. Viruses. 2021;13(10).

DeOre BJ, Tran KA, Andrews AM, Ramirez SH, Galie PA. SARS-CoV-2 spike protein disrupts blood-brain barrier integrity via RhoA activation. J Neuroimmune Pharmacol. 2021;16(4):722–8.

Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Raveendran A, Jayadevan R, Sashidharan S. Long COVID: an overview. Diabetes Metab Syndr. 2021;15(3):869–75.

Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Aiyegbusi OL, Hughes SE, Turner G, Rivera SC, McMullan C, Chandan JS, et al. Symptoms, complications and management of long COVID: a review. J R Soc Med. 2021;114(9):428–42.

Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Borch L, Holm M, Knudsen M, Ellermann-Eriksen S, Hagstroem S. Long COVID symptoms and duration in SARS-CoV-2 positive children—a nationwide cohort study. European journal of pediatrics. 2022:1–11.

Hayes LD, Ingram J, Sculthorpe NF. More than 100 persistent symptoms of SARS-CoV-2 (Long COVID): a scoping review. Frontiers in Medicine. 2021:2028.

Tabacof L, Tosto-Mancuso J, Wood J, Cortes M, Kontorovich A, McCarthy D, et al. Post-acute COVID-19 syndrome negatively impacts health and wellbeing despite less severe acute infection. MedRxiv. 2020.

Huang Y, Pinto MD, Borelli JL, Mehrabadi MA, Abrihim H, Dutt N, et al. COVID symptoms, symptom clusters, and predictors for becoming a long-hauler: looking for clarity in the haze of the pandemic. MedRxiv. 2021.

Boscolo-Rizzo P, Borsetto D, Fabbris C, Spinato G, Frezza D, Menegaldo A, et al. Evolution of altered sense of smell or taste in patients with mildly symptomatic COVID-19. JAMA Otolaryngol Head Neck Surg. 2020;146(8):729–32.

Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Zubair AS, McAlpine LS, Gardin T, Farhadian S, Kuruvilla DE, Spudich S. Neuropathogenesis and neurologic manifestations of the coronaviruses in the age of coronavirus disease 2019: a review. JAMA Neurol. 2020;77(8):1018–27.

Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

de Erausquin GA, Snyder H, Carrillo M, Hosseini AA, Brugha TS, Seshadri S. The chronic neuropsychiatric sequelae of COVID-19: The need for a prospective study of viral impact on brain functioning. Alzheimers Dement. 2021;17(6):1056–65.

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Giacomelli A, Pezzati L, Conti F, Bernacchia D, Siano M, Oreni L, et al. Self-reported olfactory and taste disorders in patients with severe acute respiratory coronavirus 2 infection: a cross-sectional study. Clin Infect Dis. 2020;71(15):889–90.

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Xiong W, Mu J, Guo J, Lu L, Liu D, Luo J, et al. New onset neurologic events in people with COVID-19 in 3 regions in China. Neurology. 2020;95(11):e1479–87.

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Ellul MA, Benjamin L, Singh B, Lant S, Michael BD, Easton A, et al. Neurological associations of COVID-19. Lancet Neurol. 2020;19(9):767–83.

Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Varatharaj A, Thomas N, Ellul MA, Davies NW, Pollak TA, Tenorio EL, et al. Neurological and neuropsychiatric complications of COVID-19 in 153 patients: a UK-wide surveillance study. Lancet Psychiatry. 2020;7(10):875–82.

Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Meppiel E, Peiffer-Smadja N, Maury A, Bekri I, Delorme C, Desestret V, et al. Neurologic manifestations associated with COVID-19: a multicentre registry. Clin Microbiol Infect. 2021;27(3):458–66.

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Nannoni S, de Groot R, Bell S, Markus HS. Stroke in COVID-19: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Int J Stroke. 2021;16(2):137–49.

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Merkler AE, Parikh NS, Mir S, Gupta A, Kamel H, Lin E, et al. Risk of ischemic stroke in patients with coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) vs patients with influenza. JAMA Neurol. 2020;77(11):1366–72.

Article  Google Scholar 

Radmanesh A, Derman A, Lui YW, Raz E, Loh JP, Hagiwara M, et al. COVID-19-associated diffuse leukoencephalopathy and microhemorrhages. Radiology. 2020;297(1):E223–7.

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Cetiner M, Çakmakçı G, Bardakçı MA, Akdağ G, Kabay SC. COVID-19 positive stroke patient with large vessel occlusion in the epidemic. Cureus. 2021;13(11).

Leasure AC, Khan YM, Iyer R, Elkind MS, Sansing LH, Falcone GJ, et al. Intracerebral hemorrhage in patients with COVID-19: an analysis from the COVID-19 cardiovascular disease registry. Stroke. 2021;52(7):e321–3.

Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Balcom EF, Nath A, Power C. Acute and chronic neurological disorders in COVID-19: potential mechanisms of disease. Brain. 2021;144(12):3576–88.

Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Dixon L, McNamara C, Gaur P, Mallon D, Coughlan C, Tona F, et al. Cerebral microhaemorrhage in COVID-19: a critical illness related phenomenon? Stroke Vasc Neurol. 2020;5(4): e000652.

Article  Google Scholar 

Fitsiori A, Pugin D, Thieffry C, Lalive P, Vargas MI. Unusual microbleeds in brain MRI of COVID‐19 patients. J Neuroimaging. 2020.

Wang H, Li X, Li T, Zhang S, Wang L, Wu X, et al. The genetic sequence, origin, and diagnosis of SARS-CoV-2. Eur J Clin Microbiol Infect Dis. 2020;39(9):1629–35.

Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Naqvi AAT, Fatima K, Mohammad T, Fatima U, Singh IK, Singh A, et al. Insights into SARS-CoV-2 genome, structure, evolution, pathogenesis and therapies: structural genomics approach. Biochim Biophys Acta (BBA) Mol Basis Dis. 2020;1866(10): 165878.

Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

Bourgonje AR, Abdulle AE, Timens W, Hillebrands JL, Navis GJ, Gordijn SJ, et al. Angiotensin-converting enzyme 2 (ACE2), SARS-CoV-2 and the pathophysiology of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19). J Pathol. 2020;251(3):228–48.

Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Zhang H, Penninger JM, Li Y, Zhong N, Slutsky AS. Angiotensin-converting enzyme 2 (ACE2) as a SARS-CoV-2 receptor: molecular mechanisms and potential therapeutic target. Intensive Care Med. 2020;46(4):586–90.

Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Suprewicz Ł, Swoger M, Gupta S, Piktel E, Byfield FJ, Iwamoto DV, et al. Extracellular vimentin as a target against SARS-CoV-2 host cell invasion. Small. 2022;18(6):2105640.

Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

Daly JL, Simonetti B, Klein K, Chen K-E, Williamson MK, Antón-Plágaro C, et al. Neuropilin-1 is a host factor for SARS-CoV-2 infection. Science. 2020;370(6518):861–5.

Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Clausen TM, Sandoval DR, Spliid CB, Pihl J, Perrett HR, Painter CD, et al. SARS-CoV-2 infection depends on cellular heparan sulfate and ACE2. Cell. 2020;183(4):1043-57. e15.

Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Tortorici MA, Walls AC, Lang Y, Wang C, Li Z, Koerhuis D, et al. Structural basis for human coronavirus attachment to sialic acid receptors. Nat Struct Mol Biol. 2019;26(6):481–9.

Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

DeOre BJ, Partyka PP, Fan F, Galie PA. CD44 mediates shear stress mechanotransduction in an in vitro blood-brain barrier model through small GTPases RhoA and Rac1. FASEB J. 2022;36(5): e22278.

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Pepe A, Pietropaoli S, Vos M, Barba-Spaeth G, Zurzolo C. Tunneling nanotubes provide a route for SARS-CoV-2 spreading. Sci Adv. 2022;8(29):eabo0171.

Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Shirato K, Kizaki T. SARS-CoV-2 spike protein S1 subunit induces pro-inflammatory responses via toll-like receptor 4 signaling in murine and human macrophages. Heliyon. 2021;7(2): e06187.

Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Zhao Y, Kuang M, Li J, Zhu L, Jia Z, Guo X, et al. SARS-CoV-2 spike protein interacts with and activates TLR41. Cell Res. 2021;31(7):818–20.

Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Khan S, Shafiei MS, Longoria C, Schoggins JW, Savani RC, Zaki H. SARS-CoV-2 spike protein induces inflammation via TLR2-dependent activation of the NF-κB pathway. Elife. 2021;10.

Messner CB, Demichev V, Wendisch D, Michalick L, White M, Freiwald A, et al. Ultra-high-throughput clinical proteomics reveals classifiers of COVID-19 infection. Cell Syst. 2020;11(1):11-24 e4.

Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Overmyer KA, Shishkova E, Miller IJ, Balnis J, Bernstein MN, Peters-Clarke TM, et al. Large-scale multi-omic analysis of COVID-19 severity. Cell Syst. 2021;12(1):23-40. e7.

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Peng X, Zhang X, Wang L, Zhu Q, Luo J, Wang W, et al. Gelsolin in cerebrospinal fluid as a potential biomarker of epilepsy. Neurochem Res. 2011;36(12):2250–8.