Modlin IM, Sandor A. An analysis of 8305 cases of carcinoid tumors. Cancer. 1997;79(4):813–29.

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Davar J, Connolly HM, Caplin ME, Pavel M, Zacks J, Bhattacharyya S, et al. Diagnosing and managing carcinoid heart disease in patients with neuroendocrine tumors: an expert statement. J Am Coll Cardiol. 2017;69(10):1288-304. A state-of-the-art review heart disease written by thought leaders in the field and published and one of the preeminent Cardiology journals.

Pellikka PA, Tajik AJ, Khandheria BK, Seward JB, Callahan JA, Pitot HC, Kvols LK. Carcinoid heart disease. Clinical and echocardiographic spectrum in 74 patients. Circulation. 1993;87(4):1188–96.

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Jin C, Sharma AN, Thevakumar B, Majid M, Al Chalaby S, Takahashi N, et al. Carcinoid heart disease: pathophysiology, pathology, clinical manifestations, and management. Cardiology. 2021;146(1):65–73.

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Korse CM, Taal BG, de Groot CA, Bakker RH, Bonfrer JM. Chromogranin-A and N-terminal pro-brain natriuretic peptide: an excellent pair of biomarkers for diagnostics in patients with neuroendocrine tumor. J Clin Oncol. 2009;27(26):4293–9.

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Baron T, Bergsten J, Albage A, Lundin L, Sorensen J, Oberg K, et al. Cardiac imaging in carcinoid heart disease. JACC Cardiovasc Imaging. 2021;14(11):2240-53. Excellent review of imaging utilized in carcinoid heart disease.

Dos L, Pujadas S, Estruch M, Mas A, Ferreira-Gonzalez I, Pijuan A, et al. Eplerenone in systemic right ventricle: double blind randomized clinical trial. The evedes study. Int J Cardiol. 2013;168(6):5167–73.

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Koffas A, Toumpanakis C. Managing carcinoid heart disease in patients with neuroendocrine tumors. Ann Endocrinol (Paris). 2021;82(3-4):187–92.

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Strosberg JR, Halfdanarson TR, Bellizzi AM, Chan JA, Dillon JS, Heaney AP, et al. The North American Neuroendocrine Tumor Society consensus guidelines for surveillance and medical management of midgut neuroendocrine tumors. Pancreas. 2017;46(6):707–14. Consensus guidelines.

Gade AK, Olariu E, Douthit NT. Carcinoid Syndrome: A Review. Cureus. 2020;12(3):e7186.

PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Rinke A, Muller HH, Schade-Brittinger C, Klose KJ, Barth P, Wied M, et al. Placebo-controlled, double-blind, prospective, randomized study on the effect of octreotide LAR in the control of tumor growth in patients with metastatic neuroendocrine midgut tumors: a report from the PROMID Study Group. J Clin Oncol. 2009;27(28):4656–63.

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Caplin ME, Pavel M, Ruszniewski P. Lanreotide in metastatic enteropancreatic neuroendocrine tumors. N Engl J Med. 2014;371(16):1556–7.

PubMed  Google Scholar 

Strosberg J, El-Haddad G, Wolin E, Hendifar A, Yao J, Chasen B, et al. Phase 3 trial of (177)Lu-Dotatate for midgut neuroendocrine tumors. N Engl J Med. 2017;376(2):125–35.

Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Cloyd JM, Ejaz A, Konda B, Makary MS, Pawlik TM. Neuroendocrine liver metastases: a contemporary review of treatment strategies. Hepatobiliary Surg Nutr. 2020;9(4):440–51.

Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Lam CSP, Solomon SD. Classification of heart failure according to ejection fraction: JACC Review Topic of the Week. J Am Coll Cardiol. 2021;77(25):3217–25.

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Otto CM, Nishimura RA, Bonow RO, Carabello BA, Erwin JP, 3rd, Gentile F, et al. 2020 ACC/AHA guideline for the management of patients with valvular heart disease: a report of the American College of Cardiology/American Heart Association Joint Committee on Clinical Practice Guidelines. Circulation. 2021;143(5):e72–e227. Cardiology valvular guidelines.

Albage A, Montibello M. Surgical aspects of valve replacement in carcinoid heart disease. J Card Surg. 2021;36(1):290–4.

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Arghami A, Connolly HM, Abel MD, Schaff HV. Quadruple valve replacement in patients with carcinoid heart disease. J Thorac Cardiovasc Surg. 2010;140(6):1432–4.

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Laskaratos FM, Davar J, Toumpanakis C. Carcinoid heart disease: a review. Curr Oncol Rep. 2021;23(4):48.

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Connolly HM, Schaff HV, Abel MD, Rubin J, Askew JW, Li Z, Inda JJ, Luis SA, Nishimura RA, Pellikka PA. Early and late outcomes of surgical treatment in carcinoid heart disease. J Am Coll Cardiol. 2015;66(20):2189–96.

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Heidecker B, Moore P, Bergsland EK, Merrick SH, Rao RK. Transcatheter pulmonic valve replacement in carcinoid heart disease. Eur Heart J Cardiovasc Imaging. 2015;16(9):1046.

CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Loyalka P, Schechter M, Nascimbene A, Raman AS, Ilieascu CA, Gregoric ID, Kar B. Transcatheter pulmonary valve replacement in a carcinoid heart. Tex Heart Inst J. 2016;43(4):341–4.

Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Fam NP, von Bardeleben RS, Hensey M, Kodali SK, Smith RL, Hausleiter J, Ong G, Boone R, Ruf T, George I, Szerlip M, Näbauer M, Ali FM, Moss R, Bapat V, Schnitzler K, Kreidel F, Ye J, Deva DP, et al. Transfemoral transcatheter tricuspid valve replacement with the EVOQUE System: a multicenter, observational, first-in-human experience. JACC Cardiovasc Interv. 2021;14(5):501–11.

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Nickenig G, Weber M, Lurz P, von Bardeleben RS, Sitges M, Sorajja P, Hausleiter J, Denti P, Trochu JN, Näbauer M, Dahou A, Hahn RT. Transcatheter edge-to-edge repair for reduction of tricuspid regurgitation: 6-month outcomes of the TRILUMINATE single-arm study. Lancet. 2019;394(10213):2002–11.

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Ridker PM, Chertow GM, Karlson EW, Neish AS, Schoen FJ. Bioprosthetic tricuspid valve stenosis associated with extensive plaque deposition in carcinoid heart disease. Am Heart J. 1991;121(6 Pt 1):1835–8.

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Conradi L, Schaefer A, Mueller GC, Seiffert M, Gulbins H, Blankenberg S, Reichenspurner H, Treede H, Diemert P. Carcinoid heart valve disease: transcatheter pulmonary valve-in-valve implantation in failing biological xenografts. J Heart Valve Dis. 2015;24(1):110–4.

PubMed  Google Scholar 

Yesil S, Tanyildiz HG, Bozkurt C, Sahin G, Ozgur S, Ozkan E, Aslamacı S, Cakmakci E. Challenging management of neuroendocrine tumor with hepatic metastasis and carcinoid heart disease in a child. Pediatr Blood Cancer. 2016;63(8):1499–500.

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar