Cancer is the fourth leading cause of death of children and adolescents in the United States.1 Pediatric solid tumors, which are classified as extracranial and non-hematologic malignancies in childhood, comprise nearly 40% of all pediatric cancers.2 To understand the pathogenesis of these conditions, it is imperative to be familiar with the underlying embryology which contributes to tumorigenesis as these tumors develop secondary to a failure of proper differentiation of the organ from which they arise. Further, since surgical resection is the mainstay of therapy for many pediatric solid tumors, recognition of key aspects of the surgical anatomy is critical for successful outcomes. In this review, we will discuss the embryology and anatomy of common pediatric solid tumors including hepatoblastoma, neuroblastoma, sacrococcygeal teratoma, and Wilms tumor.