Consecutive BNT162b2 mRNA vaccination induces short-term epigenetic memory in innate immune cells

Yuta Yamaguchi,1,2 Yasuhiro Kato,1,2 Ryuya Edahiro,2,3 Jonas N. Søndergaard,4 Teruaki Murakami,1,2 Saori Amiya,1,2 Shinichiro Nameki,1,2 Yuko Yoshimine,1,2 Takayoshi Morita,1,2 Yusuke Takeshima,5 Shuhei Sakakibara,6 Yoko Naito,7 Daisuke Motooka,7,8,9 Yu-Chen Liu,8 Yuya Shirai,2,3 Yasutaka Okita,1,2 Jun Fujimoto,1,2 Haruhiko Hirata,2 Yoshito Takeda,2 James B. Wing,4,10 Daisuke Okuzaki,7,8,9,11 Yukinori Okada,3,9,11,12,13 and Atsushi Kumanogoh1,2,9,11,14,15

1Immunopathology, WPI Immunology Frontier Research Center, Osaka University, Suita, Japan.

2Department of Respiratory Medicine and Clinical Immunology and

3Department of Statistical Genetics, Osaka University Graduate School of Medicine, Suita, Japan.

4Human Immunology Team, Center for Infectious Diseases Education and Research,

5Laboratory of Experimental Immunology, WPI Immunology Frontier Research Center,

6Laboratory of Immune Regulation, WPI Immunology Frontier Research Center,

7Genome Information Research Center, Research Institute for Microbial Diseases,

8Single Cell Genomics, Human Immunology, WPI Immunology Frontier Research Center,

9Integrated Frontier Research for Medical Science Division, Institute for Open and Transdisciplinary Research Initiatives,

10Single Cell Immunology, Human Immunology, WPI Immunology Frontier Research Center,

11Center for Infectious Diseases Education and Research, and

12Statistical Immunology, WPI Immunology Frontier Research Center, Osaka University, Osaka, Japan.

13Laboratory for Systems Genetics, RIKEN Center for Integrative Medical Sciences, Yokohama, Japan.

14Japan Agency for Medical Research and Development – Core Research for Evolutional Science and Technology, Osaka University, Osaka, Japan.

15Center for Advanced Modalities and DDS, Osaka University, Osaka, Suita, Japan.

Address correspondence to: Atsushi Kumanogoh or Yasuhiro Kato, Department of Respiratory Medicine and Clinical Immunology, Graduate School of Medicine, Osaka University, Osaka, Japan. Phone: 81.6.6879.3831; Email: kumanogo@imed3.med.osaka-u.ac.jp (AK); Email: kato@imed3.med.osaka-u.ac.jp (YK).

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1Immunopathology, WPI Immunology Frontier Research Center, Osaka University, Suita, Japan.

2Department of Respiratory Medicine and Clinical Immunology and

3Department of Statistical Genetics, Osaka University Graduate School of Medicine, Suita, Japan.

4Human Immunology Team, Center for Infectious Diseases Education and Research,

5Laboratory of Experimental Immunology, WPI Immunology Frontier Research Center,

6Laboratory of Immune Regulation, WPI Immunology Frontier Research Center,

7Genome Information Research Center, Research Institute for Microbial Diseases,

8Single Cell Genomics, Human Immunology, WPI Immunology Frontier Research Center,

9Integrated Frontier Research for Medical Science Division, Institute for Open and Transdisciplinary Research Initiatives,

10Single Cell Immunology, Human Immunology, WPI Immunology Frontier Research Center,

11Center for Infectious Diseases Education and Research, and

12Statistical Immunology, WPI Immunology Frontier Research Center, Osaka University, Osaka, Japan.

13Laboratory for Systems Genetics, RIKEN Center for Integrative Medical Sciences, Yokohama, Japan.

14Japan Agency for Medical Research and Development – Core Research for Evolutional Science and Technology, Osaka University, Osaka, Japan.

15Center for Advanced Modalities and DDS, Osaka University, Osaka, Suita, Japan.

Address correspondence to: Atsushi Kumanogoh or Yasuhiro Kato, Department of Respiratory Medicine and Clinical Immunology, Graduate School of Medicine, Osaka University, Osaka, Japan. Phone: 81.6.6879.3831; Email: kumanogo@imed3.med.osaka-u.ac.jp (AK); Email: kato@imed3.med.osaka-u.ac.jp (YK).

Find articles by Kato, Y. in: JCI | PubMed | Google Scholar |

1Immunopathology, WPI Immunology Frontier Research Center, Osaka University, Suita, Japan.

2Department of Respiratory Medicine and Clinical Immunology and

3Department of Statistical Genetics, Osaka University Graduate School of Medicine, Suita, Japan.

4Human Immunology Team, Center for Infectious Diseases Education and Research,

5Laboratory of Experimental Immunology, WPI Immunology Frontier Research Center,

6Laboratory of Immune Regulation, WPI Immunology Frontier Research Center,

7Genome Information Research Center, Research Institute for Microbial Diseases,

8Single Cell Genomics, Human Immunology, WPI Immunology Frontier Research Center,

9Integrated Frontier Research for Medical Science Division, Institute for Open and Transdisciplinary Research Initiatives,

10Single Cell Immunology, Human Immunology, WPI Immunology Frontier Research Center,

11Center for Infectious Diseases Education and Research, and

12Statistical Immunology, WPI Immunology Frontier Research Center, Osaka University, Osaka, Japan.

13Laboratory for Systems Genetics, RIKEN Center for Integrative Medical Sciences, Yokohama, Japan.

14Japan Agency for Medical Research and Development – Core Research for Evolutional Science and Technology, Osaka University, Osaka, Japan.

15Center for Advanced Modalities and DDS, Osaka University, Osaka, Suita, Japan.

Address correspondence to: Atsushi Kumanogoh or Yasuhiro Kato, Department of Respiratory Medicine and Clinical Immunology, Graduate School of Medicine, Osaka University, Osaka, Japan. Phone: 81.6.6879.3831; Email: kumanogo@imed3.med.osaka-u.ac.jp (AK); Email: kato@imed3.med.osaka-u.ac.jp (YK).

Find articles by Edahiro, R. in: JCI | PubMed | Google Scholar

1Immunopathology, WPI Immunology Frontier Research Center, Osaka University, Suita, Japan.

2Department of Respiratory Medicine and Clinical Immunology and

3Department of Statistical Genetics, Osaka University Graduate School of Medicine, Suita, Japan.

4Human Immunology Team, Center for Infectious Diseases Education and Research,

5Laboratory of Experimental Immunology, WPI Immunology Frontier Research Center,

6Laboratory of Immune Regulation, WPI Immunology Frontier Research Center,

7Genome Information Research Center, Research Institute for Microbial Diseases,

8Single Cell Genomics, Human Immunology, WPI Immunology Frontier Research Center,

9Integrated Frontier Research for Medical Science Division, Institute for Open and Transdisciplinary Research Initiatives,

10Single Cell Immunology, Human Immunology, WPI Immunology Frontier Research Center,

11Center for Infectious Diseases Education and Research, and

12Statistical Immunology, WPI Immunology Frontier Research Center, Osaka University, Osaka, Japan.

13Laboratory for Systems Genetics, RIKEN Center for Integrative Medical Sciences, Yokohama, Japan.

14Japan Agency for Medical Research and Development – Core Research for Evolutional Science and Technology, Osaka University, Osaka, Japan.

15Center for Advanced Modalities and DDS, Osaka University, Osaka, Suita, Japan.

Address correspondence to: Atsushi Kumanogoh or Yasuhiro Kato, Department of Respiratory Medicine and Clinical Immunology, Graduate School of Medicine, Osaka University, Osaka, Japan. Phone: 81.6.6879.3831; Email: kumanogo@imed3.med.osaka-u.ac.jp (AK); Email: kato@imed3.med.osaka-u.ac.jp (YK).

Find articles by Søndergaard, J. in: JCI | PubMed | Google Scholar |

1Immunopathology, WPI Immunology Frontier Research Center, Osaka University, Suita, Japan.

2Department of Respiratory Medicine and Clinical Immunology and

3Department of Statistical Genetics, Osaka University Graduate School of Medicine, Suita, Japan.

4Human Immunology Team, Center for Infectious Diseases Education and Research,

5Laboratory of Experimental Immunology, WPI Immunology Frontier Research Center,

6Laboratory of Immune Regulation, WPI Immunology Frontier Research Center,

7Genome Information Research Center, Research Institute for Microbial Diseases,

8Single Cell Genomics, Human Immunology, WPI Immunology Frontier Research Center,

9Integrated Frontier Research for Medical Science Division, Institute for Open and Transdisciplinary Research Initiatives,

10Single Cell Immunology, Human Immunology, WPI Immunology Frontier Research Center,

11Center for Infectious Diseases Education and Research, and

12Statistical Immunology, WPI Immunology Frontier Research Center, Osaka University, Osaka, Japan.

13Laboratory for Systems Genetics, RIKEN Center for Integrative Medical Sciences, Yokohama, Japan.

14Japan Agency for Medical Research and Development – Core Research for Evolutional Science and Technology, Osaka University, Osaka, Japan.

15Center for Advanced Modalities and DDS, Osaka University, Osaka, Suita, Japan.

Address correspondence to: Atsushi Kumanogoh or Yasuhiro Kato, Department of Respiratory Medicine and Clinical Immunology, Graduate School of Medicine, Osaka University, Osaka, Japan. Phone: 81.6.6879.3831; Email: kumanogo@imed3.med.osaka-u.ac.jp (AK); Email: kato@imed3.med.osaka-u.ac.jp (YK).

Find articles by Murakami, T. in: JCI | PubMed | Google Scholar

1Immunopathology, WPI Immunology Frontier Research Center, Osaka University, Suita, Japan.

2Department of Respiratory Medicine and Clinical Immunology and

3Department of Statistical Genetics, Osaka University Graduate School of Medicine, Suita, Japan.

4Human Immunology Team, Center for Infectious Diseases Education and Research,

5Laboratory of Experimental Immunology, WPI Immunology Frontier Research Center,

6Laboratory of Immune Regulation, WPI Immunology Frontier Research Center,

7Genome Information Research Center, Research Institute for Microbial Diseases,

8Single Cell Genomics, Human Immunology, WPI Immunology Frontier Research Center,

9Integrated Frontier Research for Medical Science Division, Institute for Open and Transdisciplinary Research Initiatives,

10Single Cell Immunology, Human Immunology, WPI Immunology Frontier Research Center,

11Center for Infectious Diseases Education and Research, and

12Statistical Immunology, WPI Immunology Frontier Research Center, Osaka University, Osaka, Japan.

13Laboratory for Systems Genetics, RIKEN Center for Integrative Medical Sciences, Yokohama, Japan.

14Japan Agency for Medical Research and Development – Core Research for Evolutional Science and Technology, Osaka University, Osaka, Japan.

15Center for Advanced Modalities and DDS, Osaka University, Osaka, Suita, Japan.

Address correspondence to: Atsushi Kumanogoh or Yasuhiro Kato, Department of Respiratory Medicine and Clinical Immunology, Graduate School of Medicine, Osaka University, Osaka, Japan. Phone: 81.6.6879.3831; Email: kumanogo@imed3.med.osaka-u.ac.jp (AK); Email: kato@imed3.med.osaka-u.ac.jp (YK).

Find articles by Amiya, S. in: JCI | PubMed | Google Scholar

1Immunopathology, WPI Immunology Frontier Research Center, Osaka University, Suita, Japan.

2Department of Respiratory Medicine and Clinical Immunology and

3Department of Statistical Genetics, Osaka University Graduate School of Medicine, Suita, Japan.

4Human Immunology Team, Center for Infectious Diseases Education and Research,

5Laboratory of Experimental Immunology, WPI Immunology Frontier Research Center,

6Laboratory of Immune Regulation, WPI Immunology Frontier Research Center,

7Genome Information Research Center, Research Institute for Microbial Diseases,

8Single Cell Genomics, Human Immunology, WPI Immunology Frontier Research Center,

9Integrated Frontier Research for Medical Science Division, Institute for Open and Transdisciplinary Research Initiatives,

10Single Cell Immunology, Human Immunology, WPI Immunology Frontier Research Center,

11Center for Infectious Diseases Education and Research, and

12Statistical Immunology, WPI Immunology Frontier Research Center, Osaka University, Osaka, Japan.

13Laboratory for Systems Genetics, RIKEN Center for Integrative Medical Sciences, Yokohama, Japan.

14Japan Agency for Medical Research and Development – Core Research for Evolutional Science and Technology, Osaka University, Osaka, Japan.

15Center for Advanced Modalities and DDS, Osaka University, Osaka, Suita, Japan.

Address correspondence to: Atsushi Kumanogoh or Yasuhiro Kato, Department of Respiratory Medicine and Clinical Immunology, Graduate School of Medicine, Osaka University, Osaka, Japan. Phone: 81.6.6879.3831; Email: kumanogo@imed3.med.osaka-u.ac.jp (AK); Email: kato@imed3.med.osaka-u.ac.jp (YK).

Find articles by Nameki, S. in: JCI | PubMed | Google Scholar |

1Immunopathology, WPI Immunology Frontier Research Center, Osaka University, Suita, Japan.

2Department of Respiratory Medicine and Clinical Immunology and

3Department of Statistical Genetics, Osaka University Graduate School of Medicine, Suita, Japan.

4Human Immunology Team, Center for Infectious Diseases Education and Research,

5Laboratory of Experimental Immunology, WPI Immunology Frontier Research Center,

6Laboratory of Immune Regulation, WPI Immunology Frontier Research Center,

7Genome Information Research Center, Research Institute for Microbial Diseases,

8Single Cell Genomics, Human Immunology, WPI Immunology Frontier Research Center,

9Integrated Frontier Research for Medical Science Division, Institute for Open and Transdisciplinary Research Initiatives,

10Single Cell Immunology, Human Immunology, WPI Immunology Frontier Research Center,

11Center for Infectious Diseases Education and Research, and

12Statistical Immunology, WPI Immunology Frontier Research Center, Osaka University, Osaka, Japan.

13Laboratory for Systems Genetics, RIKEN Center for Integrative Medical Sciences, Yokohama, Japan.

14Japan Agency for Medical Research and Development – Core Research for Evolutional Science and Technology, Osaka University, Osaka, Japan.

15Center for Advanced Modalities and DDS, Osaka University, Osaka, Suita, Japan.

Address correspondence to: Atsushi Kumanogoh or Yasuhiro Kato, Department of Respiratory Medicine and Clinical Immunology, Graduate School of Medicine, Osaka University, Osaka, Japan. Phone: 81.6.6879.3831; Email: kumanogo@imed3.med.osaka-u.ac.jp (AK); Email: kato@imed3.med.osaka-u.ac.jp (YK).

Find articles by Yoshimine, Y. in: JCI | PubMed | Google Scholar |

1Immunopathology, WPI Immunology Frontier Research Center, Osaka University, Suita, Japan.

2Department of Respiratory Medicine and Clinical Immunology and

3Department of Statistical Genetics, Osaka University Graduate School of Medicine, Suita, Japan.

4Human Immunology Team, Center for Infectious Diseases Education and Research,

5Laboratory of Experimental Immunology, WPI Immunology Frontier Research Center,

6Laboratory of Immune Regulation, WPI Immunology Frontier Research Center,

7Genome Information Research Center, Research Institute for Microbial Diseases,

8Single Cell Genomics, Human Immunology, WPI Immunology Frontier Research Center,

9Integrated Frontier Research for Medical Science Division, Institute for Open and Transdisciplinary Research Initiatives,

10Single Cell Immunology, Human Immunology, WPI Immunology Frontier Research Center,

11Center for Infectious Diseases Education and Research, and

12Statistical Immunology, WPI Immunology Frontier Research Center, Osaka University, Osaka, Japan.

13Laboratory for Systems Genetics, RIKEN Center for Integrative Medical Sciences, Yokohama, Japan.

14Japan Agency for Medical Research and Development – Core Research for Evolutional Science and Technology, Osaka University, Osaka, Japan.

15Center for Advanced Modalities and DDS, Osaka University, Osaka, Suita, Japan.

Address correspondence to: Atsushi Kumanogoh or Yasuhiro Kato, Department of Respiratory Medicine and Clinical Immunology, Graduate School of Medicine, Osaka University, Osaka, Japan. Phone: 81.6.6879.3831; Email: kumanogo@imed3.med.osaka-u.ac.jp (AK); Email: kato@imed3.med.osaka-u.ac.jp (YK).

Find articles by Morita, T. in: JCI | PubMed | Google Scholar |

1Immunopathology, WPI Immunology Frontier Research Center, Osaka University, Suita, Japan.

2Department of Respiratory Medicine and Clinical Immunology and

3Department of Statistical Genetics, Osaka University Graduate School of Medicine, Suita, Japan.

4Human Immunology Team, Center for Infectious Diseases Education and Research,

5Laboratory of Experimental Immunology, WPI Immunology Frontier Research Center,

6Laboratory of Immune Regulation, WPI Immunology Frontier Research Center,

7Genome Information Research Center, Research Institute for Microbial Diseases,

8Single Cell Genomics, Human Immunology, WPI Immunology Frontier Research Center,

9Integrated Frontier Research for Medical Science Division, Institute for Open and Transdisciplinary Research Initiatives,

10Single Cell Immunology, Human Immunology, WPI Immunology Frontier Research Center,

11Center for Infectious Diseases Education and Research, and

12Statistical Immunology, WPI Immunology Frontier Research Center, Osaka University, Osaka, Japan.

13Laboratory for Systems Genetics, RIKEN Center for Integrative Medical Sciences, Yokohama, Japan.

14Japan Agency for Medical Research and Development – Core Research for Evolutional Science and Technology, Osaka University, Osaka, Japan.

15Center for Advanced Modalities and DDS, Osaka University, Osaka, Suita, Japan.

Address correspondence to: Atsushi Kumanogoh or Yasuhiro Kato, Department of Respiratory Medicine and Clinical Immunology, Graduate School of Medicine, Osaka University, Osaka, Japan. Phone: 81.6.6879.3831; Email: kumanogo@imed3.med.osaka-u.ac.jp (AK); Email: kato@imed3.med.osaka-u.ac.jp (YK).

Find articles by Takeshima, Y. in: JCI | PubMed | Google Scholar |

1Immunopathology, WPI Immunology Frontier Research Center, Osaka University, Suita, Japan.

2Department of Respiratory Medicine and Clinical Immunology and

3Department of Statistical Genetics, Osaka University Graduate School of Medicine, Suita, Japan.

4Human Immunology Team, Center for Infectious Diseases Education and Research,

5Laboratory of Experimental Immunology, WPI Immunology Frontier Research Center,

6Laboratory of Immune Regulation, WPI Immunology Frontier Research Center,

7Genome Information Research Center, Research Institute for Microbial Diseases,

8Single Cell Genomics, Human Immunology, WPI Immunology Frontier Research Center,

9Integrated Frontier Research for Medical Science Division, Institute for Open and Transdisciplinary Research Initiatives,

10Single Cell Immunology, Human Immunology, WPI Immunology Frontier Research Center,

11Center for Infectious Diseases Education and Research, and

12Statistical Immunology, WPI Immunology Frontier Research Center, Osaka University, Osaka, Japan.

13Laboratory for Systems Genetics, RIKEN Center for Integrative Medical Sciences, Yokohama, Japan.

14Japan Agency for Medical Research and Development – Core Research for Evolutional Science and Technology, Osaka University, Osaka, Japan.

15Center for Advanced Modalities and DDS, Osaka University, Osaka, Suita, Japan.

Address correspondence to: Atsushi Kumanogoh or Yasuhiro Kato, Department of Respiratory Medicine and Clinical Immunology, Graduate School of Medicine, Osaka University, Osaka, Japan. Phone: 81.6.6879.3831; Email: kumanogo@imed3.med.osaka-u.ac.jp (AK); Email: kato@imed3.med.osaka-u.ac.jp (YK).

Find articles by Sakakibara, S. in: JCI | PubMed | Google Scholar |

1Immunopathology, WPI Immunology Frontier Research Center, Osaka University, Suita, Japan.

2Department of Respiratory Medicine and Clinical Immunology and

3Department of Statistical Genetics, Osaka University Graduate School of Medicine, Suita, Japan.

4Human Immunology Team, Center for Infectious Diseases Education and Research,

5Laboratory of Experimental Immunology, WPI Immunology Frontier Research Center,

6Laboratory of Immune Regulation, WPI Immunology Frontier Research Center,

7Genome Information Research Center, Research Institute for Microbial Diseases,

8Single Cell Genomics, Human Immunology, WPI Immunology Frontier Research Center,

9Integrated Frontier Research for Medical Science Division, Institute for Open and Transdisciplinary Research Initiatives,

10Single Cell Immunology, Human Immunology, WPI Immunology Frontier Research Center,

11Center for Infectious Diseases Education and Research, and

12Statistical Immunology, WPI Immunology Frontier Research Center, Osaka University, Osaka, Japan.

13Laboratory for Systems Genetics, RIKEN Center for Integrative Medical Sciences, Yokohama, Japan.

14Japan Agency for Medical Research and Development – Core Research for Evolutional Science and Technology, Osaka University, Osaka, Japan.

15Center for Advanced Modalities and DDS, Osaka University, Osaka, Suita, Japan.

Address correspondence to: Atsushi Kumanogoh or Yasuhiro Kato, Department of Respiratory Medicine and Clinical Immunology, Graduate School of Medicine, Osaka University, Osaka, Japan. Phone: 81.6.6879.3831; Email: kumanogo@imed3.med.osaka-u.ac.jp (AK); Email: kato@imed3.med.osaka-u.ac.jp (YK).

Find articles by Naito, Y. in: JCI | PubMed | Google Scholar

1Immunopathology, WPI Immunology Frontier Research Center, Osaka University, Suita, Japan.

2Department of Respiratory Medicine and Clinical Immunology and

3Department of Statistical Genetics, Osaka University Graduate School of Medicine, Suita, Japan.

4Human Immunology Team, Center for Infectious Diseases Education and Research,

5Laboratory of Experimental Immunology, WPI Immunology Frontier Research Center,

6Laboratory of Immune Regulation, WPI Immunology Frontier Research Center,

7Genome Information Research Center, Research Institute for Microbial Diseases,

8Single Cell Genomics, Human Immunology, WPI Immunology Frontier Research Center,

9Integrated Frontier Research for Medical Science Division, Institute for Open and Transdisciplinary Research Initiatives,

10Single Cell Immunology, Human Immunology, WPI Immunology Frontier Research Center,

11Center for Infectious Diseases Education and Research, and

12Statistical Immunology, WPI Immunology Frontier Research Center, Osaka University, Osaka, Japan.

13Laboratory for Systems Genetics, RIKEN Center for Integrative Medical Sciences, Yokohama, Japan.

14Japan Agency for Medical Research and Development – Core Research for Evolutional Science and Technology, Osaka University, Osaka, Japan.

15Center for Advanced Modalities and DDS, Osaka University, Osaka, Suita, Japan.

Address correspondence to: Atsushi Kumanogoh or Yasuhiro Kato, Department of Respiratory Medicine and Clinical Immunology, Graduate School of Medicine, Osaka University, Osaka, Japan. Phone: 81.6.6879.3831; Email: kumanogo@imed3.med.osaka-u.ac.jp (AK); Email: kato@imed3.med.osaka-u.ac.jp (YK).

Find articles by Motooka, D. in: JCI | PubMed | Google Scholar

1Immunopathology, WPI Immunology Frontier Research Center, Osaka University, Suita, Japan.

2Department of Respiratory Medicine and Clinical Immunology and

3Department of Statistical Genetics, Osaka University Graduate School of Medicine, Suita, Japan.

4Human Immunology Team, Center for Infectious Diseases Education and Research,

5Laboratory of Experimental Immunology, WPI Immunology Frontier Research Center,

6Laboratory of Immune Regulation, WPI Immunology Frontier Research Center,

7Genome Information Research Center, Research Institute for Microbial Diseases,

8Single Cell Genomics, Human Immunology, WPI Immunology Frontier Research Center,

9Integrated Frontier Research for Medical Science Division, Institute for Open and Transdisciplinary Research Initiatives,

10Single Cell Immunology, Human Immunology, WPI Immunology Frontier Research Center,

11Center for Infectious Diseases Education and Research, and

12Statistical Immunology, WPI Immunology Frontier Research Center, Osaka University, Osaka, Japan.

13Laboratory for Systems Genetics, RIKEN Center for Integrative Medical Sciences, Yokohama, Japan.

14Japan Agency for Medical Research and Development – Core Research for Evolutional Science and Technology, Osaka University, Osaka, Japan.

15Center for Advanced Modalities and DDS, Osaka University, Osaka, Suita, Japan.

Address correspondence to: Atsushi Kumanogoh or Yasuhiro Kato, Department of Respiratory Medicine and Clinical Immunology, Graduate School of Medicine, Osaka University, Osaka, Japan. Phone: 81.6.6879.3831; Email: kumanogo@imed3.med.osaka-u.ac.jp (AK); Email: kato@imed3.med.osaka-u.ac.jp (YK).

Find articles by Liu, Y. in: JCI | PubMed | Google Scholar |

1Immunopathology, WPI Immunology Frontier Research Center, Osaka University, Suita, Japan.

2Department of Respiratory Medicine and Clinical Immunology and

3Department of Statistical Genetics, Osaka University Graduate School of Medicine, Suita, Japan.

4Human Immunology Team, Center for Infectious Diseases Education and Research,

5Laboratory of Experimental Immunology, WPI Immunology Frontier Research Center,

6Laboratory of Immune Regulation, WPI Immunology Frontier Research Center,

7Genome Information Research Center, Research Institute for Microbial Diseases,

8Single Cell Genomics, Human Immunology, WPI Immunology Frontier Research Center,

9Integrated Frontier Research for Medical Science Division, Institute for Open and Transdisciplinary Research Initiatives,

10Single Cell Immunology, Human Immunology, WPI Immunology Frontier Research Center,

11Center for Infectious Diseases Education and Research, and

12Statistical Immunology, WPI Immunology Frontier Research Center, Osaka University, Osaka, Japan.

13Laboratory for Systems Genetics, RIKEN Center for Integrative Medical Sciences, Yokohama, Japan.

14Japan Agency for Medical Research and Development – Core Research for Evolutional Science and Technology, Osaka University, Osaka, Japan.

15Center for Advanced Modalities and DDS, Osaka University, Osaka, Suita, Japan.

Address correspondence to: Atsushi Kumanogoh or Yasuhiro Kato, Department of Respiratory Medicine and Clinical Immunology, Graduate School of Medicine, Osaka University, Osaka, Japan. Phone: 81.6.6879.3831; Email: kumanogo@imed3.med.osaka-u.ac.jp (AK); Email: kato@imed3.med.osaka-u.ac.jp (YK).

Find articles by Shirai, Y. in: JCI | PubMed | Google Scholar |

1Immunopathology, WPI Immunology Frontier Research Center, Osaka University, Suita, Japan.

2Department of Respiratory Medicine and Clinical Immunology and

3Department of Statistical Genetics, Osaka University Graduate School of Medicine, Suita, Japan.

4Human Immunology Team, Center for Infectious Diseases Education and Research,

5Laboratory of Experimental Immunology, WPI Immunology Frontier Research Center,

6Laboratory of Immune Regulation, WPI Immunology Frontier Research Center,

7Genome Information Research Center, Research Institute for Microbial Diseases,

8Single Cell Genomics, Human Immunology, WPI Immunology Frontier Research Center,

9Integrated Frontier Research for Medical Science Division, Institute for Open and Transdisciplinary Research Initiatives,

10Single Cell Immunology, Human Immunology, WPI Immunology Frontier Research Center,

11Center for Infectious Diseases Education and Research, and

12Statistical Immunology, WPI Immunology Frontier Research Center, Osaka University, Osaka, Japan.

13Laboratory for Systems Genetics, RIKEN Center for Integrative Medical Sciences, Yokohama, Japan.

14Japan Agency for Medical Research and Development – Core Research for Evolutional Science and Technology, Osaka University, Osaka, Japan.

15Center for Advanced Modalities and DDS, Osaka University, Osaka, Suita, Japan.

Address correspondence to: Atsushi Kumanogoh or Yasuhiro Kato, Department of Respiratory Medicine and Clinical Immunology, Graduate School of Medicine, Osaka University, Osaka, Japan. Phone: 81.6.6879.3831; Email: kumanogo@imed3.med.osaka-u.ac.jp (AK); Email: kato@imed3.med.osaka-u.ac.jp (YK).

Find articles by Okita, Y. in: JCI | PubMed | Google Scholar |

1Immunopathology, WPI Immunology Frontier Research Center, Osaka University, Suita, Japan.

2Department of Respiratory Medicine and Clinical Immunology and

3Department of Statistical Genetics, Osaka University Graduate School of Medicine, Suita, Japan.

4Human Immunology Team, Center for Infectious Diseases Education and Research,

5Laboratory of Experimental Immunology, WPI Immunology Frontier Research Center,

6Laboratory of Immune Regulation, WPI Immunology Frontier Research Center,

7Genome Information Research Center, Research Institute for Microbial Diseases,

8Single Cell Genomics, Human Immunology, WPI Immunology Frontier Research Center,

9Integrated Frontier Research for Medical Science Division, Institute for Open and Transdisciplinary Research Initiatives,

10Single Cell Immunology, Human Immunology, WPI Immunology Frontier Research Center,

11Center for Infectious Diseases Education and Research, and

12Statistical Immunology, WPI Immunology Frontier Research Center, Osaka University, Osaka, Japan.

13Laboratory for Systems Genetics, RIKEN Center for Integrative Medical Sciences, Yokohama, Japan.

14Japan Agency for Medical Research and Development – Core Research for Evolutional Science and Technology, Osaka University, Osaka, Japan.

15Center for Advanced Modalities and DDS, Osaka University, Osaka, Suita, Japan.

Address correspondence to: Atsushi Kumanogoh or Yasuhiro Kato, Department of Respiratory Medicine and Clinical Immunology, Graduate School of Medicine, Osaka University, Osaka, Japan. Phone: 81.6.6879.3831; Email: kumanogo@imed3.med.osaka-u.ac.jp (AK); Email: kato@imed3.med.osaka-u.ac.jp (YK).

Find articles by Fujimoto, J. in: JCI | PubMed | Google Scholar

1Immunopathology, WPI Immunology Frontier Research Center, Osaka University, Suita, Japan.

2Department of Respiratory Medicine and Clinical Immunology and

3Department of Statistical Genetics, Osaka University Graduate School of Medicine, Suita, Japan.

4Human Immunology Team, Center for Infectious Diseases Education and Research,

5Laboratory of Experimental Immunology, WPI Immunology Frontier Research Center,

6Laboratory of Immune Regulation, WPI Immunology Frontier Research Center,

7Genome Information Research Center, Research Institute for Microbial Diseases,

8Single Cell Genomics, Human Immunology, WPI Immunology Frontier Research Center,

9Integrated Frontier Research for Medical Science Division, Institute for Open and Transdisciplinary Research Initiatives,

10Single Cell Immunology, Human Immunology, WPI Immunology Frontier Research Center,

11Center for Infectious Diseases Education and Research, and

12Statistical Immunology, WPI Immunology Frontier Research Center, Osaka University, Osaka, Japan.

13Laboratory for Systems Genetics, RIKEN Center for Integrative Medical Sciences, Yokohama, Japan.

14Japan Agency for Medical Research and Development – Core Research for Evolutional Science and Technology, Osaka University, Osaka, Japan.

15Center for Advanced Modalities and DDS, Osaka University, Osaka, Suita, Japan.

Address correspondence to: Atsushi Kumanogoh or Yasuhiro Kato, Department of Respiratory Medicine and Clinical Immunology, Graduate School of Medicine, Osaka University, Osaka, Japan. Phone: 81.6.6879.3831; Email: kumanogo@imed3.med.osaka-u.ac.jp (AK); Email: kato@imed3.med.osaka-u.ac.jp (YK).

Find articles by Hirata, H. in: JCI | PubMed | Google Scholar

1Immunopathology, WPI Immunology Frontier Research Center, Osaka University, Suita, Japan.

2Department of Respiratory Medicine and Clinical Immunology and

3Department of Statistical Genetics, Osaka University Graduate School of Medicine, Suita, Japan.

4Human Immunology Team, Center for Infectious Diseases Education and Research,

5Laboratory of Experimental Immunology, WPI Immunology Frontier Research Center,

6Laboratory of Immune Regulation, WPI Immunology Frontier Research Center,

7Genome Information Research Center, Research Institute for Microbial Diseases,

8Single Cell Genomics, Human Immunology, WPI Immunology Frontier Research Center,

9Integrated Frontier Research for Medical Science Division, Institute for Open and Transdisciplinary Research Initiatives,

10Single Cell Immunology, Human Immunology, WPI Immunology Frontier Research Center,

11Center for Infectious Diseases Education and Research, and

12Statistical Immunology, WPI Immunology Frontier Research Center, Osaka University, Osaka, Japan.

13Laboratory for Systems Genetics, RIKEN Center for Integrative Medical Sciences, Yokohama, Japan.

14Japan Agency for Medical Research and Development – Core Research for Evolutional Science and Technology, Osaka University, Osaka, Japan.

15Center for Advanced Modalities and DDS, Osaka University, Osaka, Suita, Japan.

Address correspondence to: Atsushi Kumanogoh or Yasuhiro Kato, Department of Respiratory Medicine and Clinical Immunology, Graduate School of Medicine, Osaka University, Osaka, Japan. Phone: 81.6.6879.3831; Email: kumanogo@imed3.med.osaka-u.ac.jp (AK); Email: kato@imed3.med.osaka-u.ac.jp (YK).

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1Immunopathology, WPI Immunology Frontier Research Center, Osaka University, Suita, Japan.

2Department of Respiratory Medicine and Clinical Immunology and

3Department of Statistical Genetics, Osaka University Graduate School of Medicine, Suita, Japan.

4Human Immunology Team, Center for Infectious Diseases Education and Research,

5Laboratory of Experimental Immunology, WPI Immunology Frontier Research Center,

6Laboratory of Immune Regulation, WPI Immunology Frontier Research Center,

7Genome Information Research Center, Research Institute for Microbial Diseases,

8Single Cell Genomics, Human Immunology, WPI Immunology Frontier Research Center,

9Integrated Frontier Research for Medical Science Division, Institute for Open and Transdisciplinary Research Initiatives,

10Single Cell Immunology, Human Immunology, WPI Immunology Frontier Research Center,

11Center for Infectious Diseases Education and Research, and

12Statistical Immunology, WPI Immunology Frontier Research Center, Osaka University, Osaka, Japan.

13Laboratory for Systems Genetics, RIKEN Center for Integrative Medical Sciences, Yokohama, Japan.

14Japan Agency for Medical Research and Development – Core Research for Evolutional Science and Technology, Osaka University, Osaka, Japan.

15Center for Advanced Modalities and DDS, Osaka University, Osaka, Suita, Japan.

Address correspondence to: Atsushi Kumanogoh or Yasuhiro Kato, Department of Respiratory Medicine and Clinical Immunology, Graduate School of Medicine, Osaka University, Osaka, Japan. Phone: 81.6.6879.3831; Email: kumanogo@imed3.med.osaka-u.ac.jp (AK); Email: kato@imed3.med.osaka-u.ac.jp (YK).

Find articles by Wing, J. in: JCI | PubMed | Google Scholar

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