Capizzi A, Woo J, Verduzco-Gutierrez M. Traumatic brain injury: an overview of epidemiology, pathophysiology, and medical management. Med Clin N Am. 2020;104:213–38.

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Ghajar J. Traumatic brain injury. Lancet. 2000;356:923–9.

Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

Thapa K, Khan H, Singh TG, Kaur A. Traumatic brain injury: mechanistic insight on pathophysiology and potential therapeutic targets. J Mol Neurosci. 2021;71:1725–42.

Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

Sato M, Chang E, Igarashi T, Noble LJ. Neuronal injury and loss after traumatic brain injury: time course and regional variability. Brain Res. 2001;917:45–54.

Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

Kinnunen KM, Greenwood R, Powell JH, Leech R, Hawkins PC, Bonnelle V, Patel MC, Counsell SJ, Sharp DJ. White matter damage and cognitive impairment after traumatic brain injury. Brain. 2011;134:449–63.

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

van Vliet EA, Ndode-Ekane XE, Lehto LJ, Gorter JA, Andrade P, Aronica E, Grohn O, Pitkanen A. Long-lasting blood–brain barrier dysfunction and neuroinflammation after traumatic brain injury. Neurobiol Dis. 2020;145: 105080.

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Sankar SB, Pybus AF, Liew A, Sanders B, Shah KJ, Wood LB, Buckley EM. Low cerebral blood flow is a non-invasive biomarker of neuroinflammation after repetitive mild traumatic brain injury. Neurobiol Dis. 2019;124:544–54.

Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

Kelly DF, Martin NA, Kordestani R, Counelis G, Hovda DA, Bergsneider M, McBride DQ, Shalmon E, Herman D, Becker DP. Cerebral blood flow as a predictor of outcome following traumatic brain injury. J Neurosurg. 1997;86:633–41.

Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

Clausen F, Hanell A, Israelsson C, Hedin J, Ebendal T, Mir AK, Gram H, Marklund N. Neutralization of interleukin-1beta reduces cerebral edema and tissue loss and improves late cognitive outcome following traumatic brain injury in mice. Eur J Neurosci. 2011;34:110–23.

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Dixon KJ. Pathophysiology of traumatic brain injury. Phys Med Rehabil Clin N Am. 2017;28:215–25.

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Lozano D, Gonzales-Portillo GS, Acosta S, de la Pena I, Tajiri N, Kaneko Y, Borlongan CV. Neuroinflammatory responses to traumatic brain injury: etiology, clinical consequences, and therapeutic opportunities. Neuropsychiatr Dis Treat. 2015;11:97–106.

PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Donat CK, Scott G, Gentleman SM, Sastre M. Microglial activation in traumatic brain injury. Front Aging Neurosci. 2017;9:208.

Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Kumar A, Alvarez-Croda DM, Stoica BA, Faden AI, Loane DJ. Microglial/macrophage polarization dynamics following traumatic brain injury. J Neurotrauma. 2016;33:1732–50.

Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Vaibhav K, Braun M, Alverson K, Khodadadi H, Kutiyanawalla A, Ward A, Banerjee C, Sparks T, Malik A, Rashid MH. Neutrophil extracellular traps exacerbate neurological deficits after traumatic brain injury. Sci Adv. 2020;6: eaax8847.

Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  CAS  Google Scholar 

Albert-Weissenberger C, Siren AL. Experimental traumatic brain injury. Exp Transl Stroke Med. 2010;2:16.

Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Yin KJ, Hamblin M, Fan Y, Zhang J, Chen YE. Krupple-like factors in the central nervous system: novel mediators in stroke. Metab Brain Dis. 2015;30:401–10.

Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

Li WY, Fu XM, Wang ZD, Li ZG, Ma D, Sun P, Liu GB, Zhu XF, Wang Y. Kruppel-like factor 7 attenuates hippocampal neuronal injury after traumatic brain injury. Neural Regen Res. 2022;17:661–72.

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Tang X, Liu K, Hamblin MH, Xu Y, Yin K-J. Genetic deletion of Krüppel-like factor 11 aggravates ischemic brain injury. Mol Neurobiol. 2018;55:2911–21.

Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

Zhang X, Tang X, Ma F, Fan Y, Sun P, Zhu T, Zhang J, Hamblin MH, Chen YE, Yin KJ. Endothelium-targeted overexpression of Kruppel-like factor 11 protects the blood–brain barrier function after ischemic brain injury. Brain Pathol. 2020;30:746–65.

Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  CAS  Google Scholar 

Yin KJ, Fan Y, Hamblin M, Zhang J, Zhu T, Li S, Hawse JR, Subramaniam M, Song C-Z, Urrutia R, et al. KLF11 mediates PPARγ cerebrovascular protection in ischaemic stroke. Brain. 2013;136:1274–87.

Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Pu H, Ma C, Zhao Y, Wang Y, Zhang W, Miao W, Yu F, Hu X, Shi Y, Leak RK, et al. Intranasal delivery of interleukin-4 attenuates chronic cognitive deficits via beneficial microglial responses in experimental traumatic brain injury. J Cereb Blood Flow Metab. 2021;41(11):2870–86.

Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  CAS  Google Scholar 

Wang G, Shi Y, Jiang X, Leak RK, Hu X, Wu Y, Pu H, Li WW, Tang B, Wang Y, et al. HDAC inhibition prevents white matter injury by modulating microglia/macrophage polarization through the GSK3beta/PTEN/Akt axis. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA. 2015;112:2853–8.

Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  CAS  Google Scholar 

Zhou C, Sun P, Xu Y, Chen Y, Huang Y, Hamblin MH, Foley L, Hitchens TK, Li S, Yin KJ. Genetic deficiency of microRNA-15a/16-1 confers resistance to neuropathological damage and cognitive dysfunction in experimental vascular cognitive impairment and dementia. Adv Sci. 2022. https://doi.org/10.1002/advs.202104986.

Article  Google Scholar 

Sun P, Zhang K, Hassan SH, Zhang X, Tang X, Pu H, Stetler RA, Chen J, Yin KJ. Endothelium-targeted deletion of microRNA-15a/16-1 promotes poststroke angiogenesis and improves long-term neurological recovery. Circ Res. 2020;126:1040–57.

Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  CAS  Google Scholar 

Zhou C, Sun X, Hu Y, Song J, Dong S, Kong D, Wang Y, Hua X, Han J, Zhou Y, et al. Genomic deletion of TLR2 induces aggravated white matter damage and deteriorated neurobehavioral functions in mouse models of Alzheimer’s disease. Aging. 2019;11:7257–73.

Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  CAS  Google Scholar 

Eagle AL, Wang H, Robison AJ. Sensitive assessment of hippocampal learning using temporally dissociated passive avoidance task. Bio Protoc. 2016;6: e1821.

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Zhou C, Su M, Sun P, Tang X, Yin KJ. Nitro-oleic acid-mediated blood–brain barrier protection reduces ischemic brain injury. Exp Neurol. 2021;346:113861.

Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

Liu Y, Li S, Wang R, Pu H, Zhao Y, Ye Q, Shi Y. Inhibition of TGFbeta-activated kinase 1 promotes inflammation-resolving microglial/macrophage responses and recovery after stroke in ovariectomized female mice. Neurobiol Dis. 2021;151: 105257.

Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

Sweet DR, Fan L, Hsieh PN, Jain MK. Kruppel-like factors in vascular inflammation: mechanistic insights and therapeutic potential. Front Cardiovasc Med. 2018;5:6.

Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Pollak NM, Hoffman M, Goldberg IJ, Drosatos K. Kruppel-like factors: crippling and un-crippling metabolic pathways. JACC Basic Transl Sci. 2018;3:132–56.

Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

McConnell BB, Yang VW. Mammalian Kruppel-like factors in health and diseases. Physiol Rev. 2010;90:1337–81.

Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

Lippert-Gruner M, Kuchta J, Hellmich M, Klug N. Neurobehavioural deficits after severe traumatic brain injury (TBI). Brain Inj. 2006;20:569–74.

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Xiong Y, Mahmood A, Chopp M. Animal models of traumatic brain injury. Nat Rev Neurosci. 2013;14:128–42.

Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  CAS  Google Scholar 

Xia Y, Pu H, Leak RK, Shi Y, Mu H, Hu X, Lu Z, Foley LM, Hitchens TK, Dixon CE, et al. Tissue plasminogen activator promotes white matter integrity and functional recovery in a murine model of traumatic brain injury. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA. 2018;115:E9230–8.

Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  CAS  Google Scholar 

Harris TC, De Rooij R, Kuhl E. The shrinking brain: cerebral atrophy following traumatic brain injury. Ann Biomed Eng. 2019;47:1941–59.

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Bigler ED, Johnson SC, Anderson CV, Blatter DD, Gale SD, Russo AA, Ryser DK, Macnamara SE, Bailey BJ, Hopkins RO, Abildskov TJ. Traumatic brain injury and memory: the role of hippocampal atrophy. Neuropsychology. 1996;10:333–42.

Article