A comprehensive overview of the existing microbial symbionts in mosquito vectors: An important tool for impairing pathogen transmission

At present, several strategies have been implemented for malaria control. These strategies either focus on the impairment of Plasmodium transmission via mosquito vectors or suppress the mosquito vector itself. Primary vector control tools involve the usage of insecticide-treated nets (ITNs), long-lasting insecticidal materials (LMs), indoor-residual spray (IRS), and space spraying along with adequate preventive measures (Pryce et al., 2022). Nevertheless, various aspects, such as less or poor availability of infrastructure, relying on ineffective conventional vector control methods, and the major emergence of drug-resistant parasite and insecticide-resistant mosquito strains, emphasize the need to develop additional tools that either complement or substitute the currently implemented usual malaria control interventions (Musoke, 2015; Akinsola, 2019) (see Table 1).

The most effective malaria vector control strategies include the development of novel insecticides, the release of sterile mosquito vectors, the use of naturally occurring microbes with inherent anti-vector properties, naturally residing micro-biota with anti-parasitic features, or microbes modified to be anti-pathogenic (Akinsola, 2019; Kamareddine, 2012a). The application of biological tools is a promising strategy for vector control and has proven to be helpful for overcoming the side effects on humans, wildlife, and the environment (Herren et al., 2020; Mitchell and Catteruccia, 2017). Biological tools could also be used to interfere with the vectorial capacity of mosquitoes and thereby affect Plasmodium transmission (Herren et al., 2020; Flores and O'Neill, 2018). For example, the bacterium Wolbachia is known to be a novel and promising tool for the control of dengue vectors (Sicard et al., 2019; Niang et al., 2018). It modifies host biology, rendering mosquito's incapable of transmitting dengue virus, and modulates host reproduction, assisting in field spread (Niang et al., 2018; Beebe et al., 2021; Kaur et al., 2021). Furthermore, stable Wolbachia infection in An. stephensi resists the P. falciparum transmission (Bian et al., 2013). Similarly, mosquito FREP-1 in combination with Aspergillus niger fungal extract inhibits Plasmodium development in mosquito vectors (Niu et al., 2015a). Furthermore, a recent report revealed that anopheles-associated microsporidians were also found to impair the progression of Plasmodium inside its mosquito host (Herren et al., 2020). This review summarizes an overview of the existing and potential microbial symbionts for the impairment of Plasmodium development within the mosquito vector.

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