Antiviral Potential of the Genus Panax: An updated review on their effects and underlying mechanism of action

Journal of Ginseng Research

Available online 17 November 2022

Journal of Ginseng ResearchAbstract

Viral infections are known as one of the major factors causing death. Ginseng is a medicinal plant that demonstrated a wide range of antiviral potential, and saponins are the major bioactive ingredients in the genus Panax with vast therapeutic potential. Studies focusing on the antiviral activity of the genus Panax plant-derived agents (extracts and saponins) and their mechanisms were identified and summarized, including contributions mainly from January 2016 until January 2022. P. ginseng, P. notoginseng, and P. quinquefolius were included in the review as valuable medicinal herbs against infections with 14 types of viruses. Reports from 9 extracts and 12 bioactive saponins were included, with 6 types of protopanaxadiol (PPD) ginsenosides and 6 types of protopanaxatriol (PPT) ginsenosides. The mechanisms mainly involved the inhibition of viral attachment and replication, the modulation of immune response by regulating signaling pathways, including the Janus kinase (JAK)/signal transducer and activator of transcription (STAT) pathway, cystathionine γ-lyase (CSE)/hydrogen sulfide (H2S) pathway, phosphoinositide-dependent kinase-1 (PDK1)/ protein kinase B (Akt) signaling pathway, c-Jun N-terminal kinase (JNK)/activator protein-1 (AP-1) pathway, and nuclear factor kappa-light-chain-enhancer of activated B cells (NF-κB) pathway. This review includes detailed information about the mentioned antiviral effects of the genus Panax extracts and saponins in vitro and in vivo, and in human clinical trials, which provides a scientific basis for ginseng as an adjunctive therapeutic drug or nutraceutical.

Keywords

antiviral activity

ginseng

ginsenosides

Panax ginseng

mechanism of action

AbbreviationsARI

acute respiratory illness

BVDV

bovine viral diarrhea virus

CSFV

classical swine fever virus

CVBs

group B coxsackieviruses

DAA

direct-acting antiviral therapies

EBV

the Epstein-Barr virus

GSLS

Ginseng stem-leaf saponins

HAART

highly active antiretroviral drug therapy

HIV-1

human immunodeficiency virus type 1

HVJ

hemagglutinating virus of Japan

JNK

c-Jun N-terminal kinase

KSHV

Kaposi's sarcoma-associated herpesvirus

MHV-68

murine gammaherpesvirus 68

NDV

Newcastle disease virus

PNAB

PEGylated nanoparticle albumin-bound

PNR

P. notoginseng root water extract

PRRSV

porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus

RSV

respiratory syncytial virus

STAT

signal transducer and activator of transcription

© 2022 The Korean Society of Ginseng. Publishing services by Elsevier B.V.

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