Available online 17 November 2022
AbstractViral infections are known as one of the major factors causing death. Ginseng is a medicinal plant that demonstrated a wide range of antiviral potential, and saponins are the major bioactive ingredients in the genus Panax with vast therapeutic potential. Studies focusing on the antiviral activity of the genus Panax plant-derived agents (extracts and saponins) and their mechanisms were identified and summarized, including contributions mainly from January 2016 until January 2022. P. ginseng, P. notoginseng, and P. quinquefolius were included in the review as valuable medicinal herbs against infections with 14 types of viruses. Reports from 9 extracts and 12 bioactive saponins were included, with 6 types of protopanaxadiol (PPD) ginsenosides and 6 types of protopanaxatriol (PPT) ginsenosides. The mechanisms mainly involved the inhibition of viral attachment and replication, the modulation of immune response by regulating signaling pathways, including the Janus kinase (JAK)/signal transducer and activator of transcription (STAT) pathway, cystathionine γ-lyase (CSE)/hydrogen sulfide (H2S) pathway, phosphoinositide-dependent kinase-1 (PDK1)/ protein kinase B (Akt) signaling pathway, c-Jun N-terminal kinase (JNK)/activator protein-1 (AP-1) pathway, and nuclear factor kappa-light-chain-enhancer of activated B cells (NF-κB) pathway. This review includes detailed information about the mentioned antiviral effects of the genus Panax extracts and saponins in vitro and in vivo, and in human clinical trials, which provides a scientific basis for ginseng as an adjunctive therapeutic drug or nutraceutical.
Keywordsantiviral activity
ginseng
ginsenosides
Panax ginseng
mechanism of action
AbbreviationsARIacute respiratory illness
BVDVbovine viral diarrhea virus
CSFVclassical swine fever virus
CVBsgroup B coxsackieviruses
DAAdirect-acting antiviral therapies
EBVthe Epstein-Barr virus
GSLSGinseng stem-leaf saponins
HAARThighly active antiretroviral drug therapy
HIV-1human immunodeficiency virus type 1
HVJhemagglutinating virus of Japan
JNKc-Jun N-terminal kinase
KSHVKaposi's sarcoma-associated herpesvirus
MHV-68murine gammaherpesvirus 68
NDVNewcastle disease virus
PNABPEGylated nanoparticle albumin-bound
PNRP. notoginseng root water extract
PRRSVporcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus
RSVrespiratory syncytial virus
STATsignal transducer and activator of transcription
© 2022 The Korean Society of Ginseng. Publishing services by Elsevier B.V.
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