Drake TM, Riad AM, Fairfield CJ, Egan C, Knight SR, Pius R, et al. Characterisation of in-hospital complications associated with COVID-19 using the ISARIC WHO Clinical Characterisation Protocol UK: a prospective, multicentre cohort study. Lancet. 2021;398:223–37.

Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Thomas SJ, Moreira ED, Kitchin N, Absalon J, Gurtman A, Lockhart S, et al. Safety and efficacy of the BNT162b2 mRNA Covid-19 vaccine through 6 months. N Engl J Med. 2021;385:1761–73.

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Voysey M, Clemens SAC, Madhi SA, Weckx LY, Folegatti PM, Aley PK, et al. Safety and efficacy of the ChAdOx1 nCoV-19 vaccine (AZD1222) against SARS-CoV-2: an interim analysis of four randomised controlled trials in Brazil, South Africa, and the UK. Lancet. 2021;397:99–111.

Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

WHO coronavirus (COVID-19) dashboard. https://covid19.who.int. Accessed 18 June 2022.

Rahmati M, Shamsi MM, Khoramipour K, Malakoutinia F, Woo W, Park S, et al. Baseline physical activity is associated with reduced mortality and disease outcomes in COVID-19: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Rev Med Virol. 2022;32:e2349.

Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Huang I, Lim MA, Pranata R. Diabetes mellitus is associated with increased mortality and severity of disease in COVID-19 pneumonia - a systematic review, meta-analysis, and meta-regression. Diabetes Metab Syndr. 2020;14:395–403.

Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Kumar A, Arora A, Sharma P, Anikhindi SA, Bansal N, Singla V, et al. Is diabetes mellitus associated with mortality and severity of COVID-19? A meta-analysis. Diabetes Metab Syndr. 2020;14:535–45.

Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Guo L, Shi Z, Zhang Y, Wang C, Do Vale Moreira NC, Zuo H, et al. Comorbid diabetes and the risk of disease severity or death among 8807 COVID-19 patients in China: a meta-analysis. Diabetes Res Clin Pract. 2020;166:108346.

Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Rubino F, Amiel SA, Zimmet P, Alberti G, Bornstein S, Eckel RH, et al. New-onset diabetes in Covid-19. N Engl J Med. 2020;383:789–90.

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Sathish T, Tapp RJ, Cooper ME, Zimmet P. Potential metabolic and inflammatory pathways between COVID-19 and new-onset diabetes. Diabetes Metab. 2021;47:101204.

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Practical recommendations for the management of diabetes in patients with COVID-19 - PubMed. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/32334646/. Accessed 28 June 2022.

Rey-Reñones C, Martinez-Torres S, Martín-Luján FM, Pericas C, Redondo A, Vilaplana-Carnerero C, et al. Type 2 diabetes mellitus and COVID-19: a narrative review. Biomedicines. 2022;10:2089.

Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

High-dimensional characterization of post-acute sequelae of COVID-19 | Nature. https://www.nature.com/articles/s41586-021-03553-9. Accessed 24 June 2022.

Rahmati M, Keshvari M, Mirnasuri S, Yon DK, Lee SW, Il Shin J, et al. The global impact of COVID-19 pandemic on the incidence of pediatric new-onset type 1 diabetes and ketoacidosis: a systematic review and meta-analysis. J Med Virol. 2022;94:5112–27.

Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Banerjee M, Pal R, Dutta S. Risk of incident diabetes post-COVID-19: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Prim Care Diabetes. 2022. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.pcd.2022.05.009.

Stroup DF, Berlin JA, Morton SC, Olkin I, Williamson GD, Rennie D, et al. Meta-analysis of observational studies in epidemiology: a proposal for reporting. Meta-analysis Of Observational Studies in Epidemiology (MOOSE) group. JAMA. 2000;283:2008–12.

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

The PRISMA 2020 statement: an updated guideline for reporting systematic reviews. BMJ. https://www.bmj.com/content/372/bmj.n71. Accessed 26 June 2022.

Ottawa Hospital Research Institute. https://www.ohri.ca//programs/clinical_epidemiology/oxford.asp. Accessed 19 June 2022.

Freeman MF, Tukey JW. Transformations related to the angular and the square root. Ann Math Stat. 1950;21:607–11.

Article  Google Scholar 

DerSimonian R, Laird N. Meta-analysis in clinical trials. Control Clin Trials. 1986;7:177–88.

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Measuring inconsistency in meta-analyses. BMJ. https://www.bmj.com/content/327/7414/557.short. Accessed 19 June 2022.

Egger M, Davey Smith G, Schneider M, Minder C. Bias in meta-analysis detected by a simple, graphical test. BMJ. 1997;315:629–34.

Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Kossmeier M, Tran US, Voracek M. Power-enhanced funnel plots for meta-analysis: the sunset funnel plot; 2019.

Google Scholar 

Mathur MB, VanderWeele TJ. Sensitivity analysis for unmeasured confounding in meta-analyses. J Am Stat Assoc. 2020;115:163–72.

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Mathur MB, VanderWeele TJ. Methods to address confounding and other biases in meta-analyses: review and recommendations. Annu Rev Public Health. 2022;43:19–35.

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Haneuse S, VanderWeele TJ, Arterburn D. Using the E-value to assess the potential effect of unmeasured confounding in observational studies. JAMA. 2019;321:602–3.

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

R: the R project for statistical computing. https://www.r-project.org/. Accessed 19 June 2022.

Team R. R: a language and environment for statistical computing. undefined. 2014.

Barrett CE. Risk for newly diagnosed diabetes 30 days after SARS-CoV-2 infection among persons aged 18 years — United States, March 1, 2020–June 28, 2021. MMWR Morb Mortal Wkly Rep. 2022;71.

Cohen K, Ren S, Heath K, Dasmariñas MC, Jubilo KG, Guo Y, et al. Risk of persistent and new clinical sequelae among adults aged 65 years and older during the post-acute phase of SARS-CoV-2 infection: retrospective cohort study. BMJ. 2022;376:e068414.

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Rathmann W, Kuss O, Kostev K. Incidence of newly diagnosed diabetes after Covid-19. Diabetologia. 2022;65:949–54.

Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Birabaharan M, Kaelber DC, Pettus JH, Smith DM. Risk of new-onset type 2 diabetes in 600 055 people after COVID-19: a cohort study. Diabetes Obes Metab. 2022;24:1176–9.

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Qeadan F, Tingey B, Egbert J, Pezzolesi MG, Burge MR, Peterson KA, et al. The associations between COVID-19 diagnosis, type 1 diabetes, and the risk of diabetic ketoacidosis: a nationwide cohort from the US using the Cerner Real-World Data. PLoS One. 2022;17:e0266809.

Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Collaborative, Tazare J, Walker AJ, Tomlinson L, Hickman G, Rentsch CT, et al. Rates of serious clinical outcomes in survivors of hospitalisation with COVID-19 in England: a descriptive cohort study within the OpenSAFELY platform. Wellcome Open Research; 2022.

Xie Y, Al-Aly Z. Risks and burdens of incident diabetes in long COVID: a cohort study. Lancet Diabetes Endocrinol. 2022;10:311–21.

Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Ayoubkhani D, Khunti K, Nafilyan V, Maddox T, Humberstone B, Diamond I, et al. Post-covid syndrome in individuals admitted to hospital with covid-19: retrospective cohort study. BMJ. 2021;372:n693.

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Daugherty SE, Guo Y, Heath K, Dasmariñas MC, Jubilo KG, Samranvedhya J, et al. Risk of clinical sequelae after the acute phase of SARS-CoV-2 infection: retrospective cohort study. BMJ. 2021;373:n1098. https://www.bmj.com/content/373/bmj.n1098.long. Accessed 8 June 2022.

Yang JK, Feng Y, Yuan MY, Yuan SY, Fu HJ, Wu BY, et al. Plasma glucose levels and diabetes are independent predictors for mortality and morbidity in patients with SARS. Diabet Med. 2006;23:623–8.

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Yang J-K, Lin S-S, Ji X-J, Guo L-M. Binding of SARS coronavirus to its receptor damages islets and causes acute diabetes. Acta Diabetol. 2010;47:193–9.

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Apicella M, Campopiano MC, Mantuano M, Mazoni L, Coppelli A, Del Prato S. COVID-19 in people with diabetes: understanding the reasons for worse outcomes. Lancet Diabetes Endocrinol. 2020;8:782–92.

Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Kusmartseva I, Wu W, Syed F, Van Der Heide V, Jorgensen M, Joseph P, et al. Expression of SARS-CoV-2 entry factors in the pancreas of normal organ donors and individuals with COVID-19. Cell Metab. 2020;32:1041–1051.e6.

Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Dungan KM, Braithwaite SS, Preiser J-C. Stress hyperglycaemia. Lancet. 2009;373:1798–807.

Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Müller JA, Groß R, Conzelmann C, Krüger J, Merle U, Steinhart J, et al. SARS-CoV-2 infects and replicates in cells of the human endocrine and exocrine pancreas. Nat Metab. 2021;3:149–65.

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Fabbri A, Marchesini G, Benazzi B, Morelli A, Montesi D, Bini C, et al. Stress hyperglycemia and mortality in subjects with diabetes and sepsis. Crit Care Explor. 2020;2:e0152.

Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

de Carvalho VF, Guedes Cocate P, Gonçalves Pereira L, de Cássia Gonçalves Alfenas R. The role of hyperglycemia in the induction of oxidative stress and inflammatory process. Nutr Hosp. 2012;27:1391–8.

Google Scholar 

Dave GS, Kalia K. Hyperglycemia induced oxidative stress in type-1 and type-2 diabetic patients with and without nephropathy. Cell Mol Biol (Noisy-le-grand). 2007;53:68–78.

CAS