Shek K, Dietz H. Can anal sphincter defects be identified by palpation? Female Pelvic Med Reconstr Surg. 2016;22(6):472–5.

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Sultan AH. The role of anal endosonography in obstetrics [comment]. Ultrasound Obstet Gynecol. 2003;22(6):559–60.

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Dietz H. Exo-anal imaging of the anal sphincters: a pictorial introduction. J Ultrasound Med. 2018;2018:263–80.

Article  Google Scholar 

Meriwether K, Lockhart ME, Meyer I, Richter HE. Anal sphincter anatomy prepregnancy to postdelivery among the same primiparous women on dynamic magnetic resonance imaging. Female Pelvic Med Reconstr Surg. 2019;25(1):8–14.

Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Gurol-Urganci I, Cromwell DA, Edozien LC, Mahmood TA, Adams EJ, Richmond DH, et al. Third- and fourth-degree perineal tears among primiparous women in England between 2000 and 2012: time trends and risk factors. Br J Obstet Gynaecol. 2013;120(12):1516–25.

Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

Andrews A, Sultan AH, Thakar R, Jones PW. Occult anal sphincter injuries—myth or reality? BJOG. 2006;113:195–200.

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Dudding T, Vaizey C, Kamm M. Obstetric anal sphincter injury: incidence, risk factors, and management. Ann Surg. 2008;247(2):224–37.

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Kamisan Atan I, Shek KL, Langer S, Caudwell-Hall J, Dietz HP. The impact of variations in obstetric practice on maternal birth trauma. Int Urogynecol J. 2019;30(6):917–23.

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Evans E, Falivene C, Briffa K, Thompson J, Henry A. What is the total impact of an obstetric anal sphincter injury? An Australian retrospective study. Int Urogynecol J. 2020;31:557–6.

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Guzman Rojas R, Kamisan Atan I, Shek KL, Dietz HP. Anal sphincter trauma and anal incontinence in urogynecological patients. Ultrasound Obstet Gynecol. 2015;46:363–6.

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Taithongchai A, Veiga SI, Sultan AH, Thakar R. The consequences of undiagnosed obstetric anal sphincter injuries (OASIS) following vaginal delivery. Int Urogynecol J. 2020;31:635–41.

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

AIUM/IUGA practice parameter for the performance of urogynecological ultrasound examinations: developed in collaboration with the ACR, the AUGS, the AUA, and the SRU. Int Urogynecol J. 2019;30(9):1389–1400.

Turel F, Shek K, Dietz H. How valid is tomographic ultrasound imaging in diagnosing levator and anal sphincter trauma? J Ultrasound Med. 2019;39:889–94.

Article  Google Scholar 

Cattani L, Van Schoubroeck D, Housmans S, et al. Exo-anal imaging of the anal sphincter: a comparison between introital and transperineal image acquisition. Int Urogynecol J. 2020;31:1107–13.

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Stuart A, Ignell C, Orno A. Comparison of transperineal and endoanal ultrasound in detecting residual obstetric anal sphincter injury. Acta Obstet Gynecol Scand. 2019;98(12):1624–31.

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Taithongchai A, van Gruting IMA, Volløyhaug I, Arendsen LP, Sultan AH, Thakar R. Comparing the diagnostic accuracy of 3 ultrasound modalities for diagnosing obstetric anal sphincter injuries. Am J Obstet Gynecol. 2019;221(2):134.e1–9.

Article  Google Scholar 

Dietz H. Pelvic floor trauma in childbirth. Obstet Gynaecol. 2014;16(1):13–8.

Google Scholar 

Paka C, Kamisan Atan I, Dietz H. The bother of anal incontinence and St. Mark’s Incontinence Score. Tech Coloproctol. 2016;20(2):123–8.

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Subramaniam N, Robledo K, Dietz H. Anal sphincter imaging: better done at rest or on pelvic floor muscle contraction? Int Urogynecol J. 2020;31(6):1191–6.

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Roos A, Thakar R, Sultan A. Outcome of primary repair of obstetric anal sphincter injuries (OASIS): does the grade of tear matter? Ultrasound Obstet Gynecol. 2010;36:368–74.

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Subramaniam N, Shek K, Dietz H. Imaging characteristics of episiotomy scars on translabial ultrasound: an observational study using exo-anal ultrasound. J Ultrasound Med. 2022;41(9):2287–93. https://doi.org/10.1002/jum.15915.

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Dietz H. Forceps: towards obsolescence or revival? Acta Obstet Gynecol Scand. 2015;94(4):347–51.

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Jansson M, Franzén K, Hiyoshi A, Tegerstedt G, Dahlgren H, Nilsson K. Risk factors for perineal and vaginal tears in primiparous women—the prospective mPOPRACT-cohort study. BMC Preg Childbirth. 2020;20:749.

Article  Google Scholar 

D’Souza J, Monga A, Tincello D. Risk factors for perineal trauma in the primiparous population during non-operative vaginal delivery. Int Urogynecol J. 2020;31:621–5.

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Albar M, Aviram A, Anabusi S, Huang T, Tunde-Byass M, Mei-Dan E. Maternal ethnicity and the risk of obstetrical anal sphincter injury: a retrospective cohort study. J Obstet Gynaecol Can. 2021;43(4):469–73.

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Chill H, Lipschuetz M, Atias E, Shwartz T, Shveiky D, Karavani G. Association between birth weight and head circumference and obstetric anal sphincter injury severity. Eur J Obstet Gynecol Reprod Biol. 2021;265:119–24.

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Friedman T, Eslick G, Dietz H. Instrumental delivery and the risk of obstetrical anal sphincter injury (OASI): a meta-analysis. Int Urogynecol J. 2016;27(S1):S30–1.

Google Scholar 

Pearse W. Electronic recording of forceps delivery. Am J Obstet Gynecol. 1963;86:43–51.

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Cattani L, Decoene J, Page AS, Weeg N, Deprest J, Dietz HP. Pregnancy, labour and delivery as risk factors for pelvic organ prolapse: a systematic review. Int Urogynecol J. 2021;32:1623–31.

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Sultan A, Kamm MA, Talbot IC, Nicholls RJ, Bartram CI. Anal endosonography for identifying external sphincter defects confirmed histologically. Br J Surg. 1994;81(3):463–5.

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Shek K, Guzman Rojas R, Dietz H. Residual defects of the external anal sphincter following primary repair: an observational study using transperineal ultrasound. Ultrasound Obstet Gynecol. 2014;44:704–9.

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Turel F, Langer S, Shek KL, Dietz HP. Medium- to long-term follow-up of obstetric anal sphincter injury. Dis Colon Rectum. 2019;62(3):348–56.

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Meschia M, Buonaguidi A, Pifarotti P, Somigliana E, Spennacchio M, Amicarelli F. Prevalence of anal incontinence in women with symptoms of urinary incontinence and genital prolapse. Obstet Gynecol. 2002;100(4):719–23.

PubMed  Google Scholar 

Nygaard I, Barber MD, Burgio KL, et al. Prevalence of symptomatic pelvic floor disorders in US women. JAMA. 2008;300(11):1311–6.

Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Gillor M, Shek K, Dietz H. How comparable is the clinical grading of obstetric anal sphincter injury with that determined by four-dimensional translabial ultrasound? Ultrasound Obstet Gynecol. 2020;56(4):618–23.

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar