Lippi G, Sanchis-Gomar F. Global epidemiology and future trends of heart failure. AME Med J. 2020;5:15.

Google Scholar 

Simmonds SJ, Cuijpers I, Heymans S, et al. Cellular and molecular differences between HFpEF and HFrEF: a step ahead in an improved pathological understanding. Cells. 2020;9(1):242.

CAS  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Savarese G, Stolfo D, Sinagra G, et al. Heart failure with mid-range or mildly reduced ejection fraction. Nat Rev Cardiol. 2022;19(2):100–16.

PubMed  Google Scholar 

McDonagh TA, Metra M, Adamo M, et al. ESC guidelines for the diagnosis and treatment of acute and chronic heart failure. Eur Heart J. 2021;42(36):3599–726.

CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Heidenreich PA, Bozkurt B, Aguilar D, et al. 2022 AHA/ACC/HFSA guideline for the management of heart failure: a report of the American College of Cardiology/American Heart Association Joint Committee on clinical practice guidelines. Circulation. 2022;145(18):e895-1032.

PubMed  Google Scholar 

Bozkurt B, Coats AJS, Tsutsui H, et al. Universal definition and classification of heart failure: a report of the Heart Failure Society of America, Heart Failure Association of the European Society of Cardiology, Japanese Heart Failure Society and writing committee of the universal definition of heart failure: endorsed by the Canadian Heart Failure Society, Heart Failure Association of India, Cardiac Society of Australia and New Zealand, and Chinese Heart Failure Association. Eur J Heart Fail. 2021;23(3):352–80.

PubMed  Google Scholar 

Nadar SK, Tariq O. What is heart failure with mid-range ejection fraction? A new subgroup of patients with heart failure. Card Fail Rev. 2018;4(1):6–8.

PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Coats AJS. Ageing, demographics, and heart failure. Eur Heart J. 2019;21(Suppl L):L4-7.

Google Scholar 

Lam CSP, Arnott C, Beale AL. Sex differences in heart failure. Eur Heart J. 2019;40(47):3859–68.

PubMed  Google Scholar 

Roger VL. Epidemiology of heart failure. A contemporary perspective. Circ Res. 2021;128(10):1421–34.

CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Clark KAA, Velazquez EJ. Heart failure with preserved ejection fraction. Time for a reset. JAMA. 2020;324(15):1506–8.

PubMed  Google Scholar 

Straw S, McGinlay M, Witte KK. Four pillars of heart failure: contemporary pharmacological therapy for heart failure with reduced ejection fraction. Open Heart. 2021;8(1): e001585.

PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Heath R, Johnsen H, Strain WD. Emerging horizons in heart failure with preserved ejection fraction: the role of SGLT2 inhibitors. Diabetes Ther. 2022;13(2):241–50.

CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Mackenzi LM, Pierce KN. New therapies for the treatment of heart failure with preserved ejection fraction. Am J Health Syst Pharm. 2022;79(17):1424–30.

Google Scholar 

Boehringer Ingelheim International GmbH. Jardiance (empagliflozin): Summary of product characteristics [EU Prescribing information]. 2022. https://www.ema.europa.eu/documents/product-information/jardiance-epar-product-information_en.pdf. Accessed May 18 2022.

Boehringer Ingelheim International GmbH. Jardiance® (empagliflozin tablets), for oral use [US prescribing information]. 2022. https://docs.boehringer-ingelheim.com/Prescribing%20Information/PIs/Jardiance/jardiance.pdf. Accessed Sep 1 2022.

Voors AA, Angermann CE, Teerlink JR, et al. The SGLT2 inhibitor empagliflozin in patients hospitalized for acute heart failure: a multinational randomized trial. Nat Med. 2022;28(3):568–74.

CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Kosiborod MN, Angermann CE, Collins SP, et al. Effects of empagliflozin on symptoms, physical limitations, and quality of life in patients hospitalized for acute heart failure: results from the EMPULSE trial. Circulation. 2022;146(4):279–88.

CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Zinman B, Wanner C, Lachin JM, et al. Empaglifozin, cardiovascular outcomes, and mortality in type 2 diabetes. N Engl J Med. 2015;373(22):2117–28.

CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Wanner C, Inzucchi SE, Lachin JM, et al. Empaglifozin and progression of kidney disease in type 2 diabetes. N Engl J Med. 2016;375(4):323–34.

CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Fitchett D, Zinman B, Wanner C, et al. Heart failure outcomes with empagliflozin in patients with type 2 diabetes at high cardiovascular risk: results of the EMPA-REG OUTCOME trial. Eur Heart J. 2016;37(19):1526–34.

CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Packer M, Butler J, Filippatos GS, et al. Evaluation of the effect of sodium-glucose co-transporter 2 inhibition with empagliflozin on morbidity and mortality of patients with chronic heart failure and a reduced ejection fraction: rationale for and design of the EMPEROR-Reduced trial. Eur J Heart Fail. 2019;21(10):1270–8.

CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Packer M, Anker SD, Butler J, et al. Cardiovascular and renal outcomes with empagliflozin in heart failure. N Engl J Med. 2020;383(15):1413–24.

CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Anker SD, Butler J, Filippatos GS, et al. Evaluation of the effects of sodium-glucose co-transporter 2 inhibition with empagliflozin on morbidity and mortality in patients with chronic heart failure and a preserved ejection fraction: rationale for and design of the EMPEROR-Preserved Trial. Eur J Heart Fail. 2019;21(10):1279–87.

CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Anker SD, Butler J, Filippatos G, et al. Empagliflozin in heart failure with a preserved ejection fraction. N Engl J Med. 2021;385(16):1451–61.

CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Pabel S, Hamdani N, Singh J, et al. Potential mechanisms of SGLT2 inhibitors for the treatment of heart failure with preserved ejection fraction. Front Physiol. 2021;12: 752370.

PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Aguilar-Gallardo JS, Correa A, Contreras JP. Cardio-renal benefits of SGLT2 inhibitors in heart failure with reduced ejection fraction: mechanisms and clinical evidence. Eur Heart J Cardiovasc Pharmacother. 2021;8(3):311–21.

Google Scholar 

Lopaschuk GD, Verma S. Mechanisms of cardiovascular benefits of sodium glucose co-transporter 2 (SGLT2) inhibitors: a state-of-the-art review. JACC Basic Transl Sci. 2020;5(6):632–44.

PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Del Vecchio L, Beretta A, Jovane C, et al. A role for SGLT-2 inhibitors in treating non-diabetic chronic kidney disease. Drugs. 2021;81(13):1–21.

Google Scholar 

Novo G, Guarino T, Di Lisi D, et al. Effects of SGLT2 inhibitors on cardiac structure and function. Heart Fail Rev. 2022. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10741-022-10256-4.

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Iborra-Egea O, Santiago-Vacas E, Yurista SR, et al. Unraveling the molecular mechanism of action of empagliflozin in heart failure with reduced ejection fraction with or without diabetes. JACC Basic Transl Sci. 2019;4(7):831–40.

PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Bayes-Genis A, Iborra-Egea O, Spitaleri G, et al. Decoding empagliflozin’s molecular mechanism of action in heart failure with preserved ejection fraction using artificial intelligence. Sci Rep. 2021;11(1):12025.

CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Connelly KA, Zhang Y, Visram A, et al. Diastolic function in a nondiabetic rodent model of heart failure with preserved ejection fraction. JACC Basic Transl Sci. 2019;4(1):27–37.

PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Anker SD, Butler J, Filippatos G, et al. Effect of empagliflozin on cardiovascular and renal outcomes in patients with heart failure by baseline diabetes status: results from the EMPEROR-Reduced trial. Circulation. 2021;143(4):337–49.

CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Packer M, Anker SD, Butler J, et al. Influence of neprilysin inhibition on the efficacy and safety of empagliflozin in patients with chronic heart failure and a reduced ejection fraction: the EMPEROR-Reduced trial. Eur Heart J. 2021;42(6):671–80.

CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Ferreira JP, Zannad F, Pocock SJ, et al. Interplay of mineralocorticoid receptor antagonists and empagliflozin in heart failure: EMPEROR-Reduced. J Am Coll Cardiol. 2021;77(11):1397–407.

CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Zannad F, Ferreira JP, Pocock SJ, et al. Cardiac and kidney benefits of empagliflozin in heart failure across the spectrum of kidney function: insights from EMPEROR-Reduced. Circulation. 2021;143(4):310–21.

CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Ferreira JP, Anker SD, Butler J, et al. Impact of anaemia and the effect of empagliflozin in heart failure with reduced ejection fraction: findings from EMPEROR-Reduced. Eur J Heart Fail. 2022;24(4):708–15.

CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Butler J, Anker SD, Filippatos G, et al. Empagliflozin and health-related quality of life outcomes in patients with heart failure with reduced ejection fraction: the EMPEROR-Reduced trial. Eur Heart J. 2021;42(13):1203–12.

CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Januzzi JL, Zannad F, Anker SD, et al. Prognostic importance ofNT-proBNP and effect of empagliflozin in the EMPEROR-Reduced trial. J Am Coll Cardiol. 2021;78(13):1321–32.

CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Böhm M, Anker SD, Butler J, et al. Empagliflozin improves cardiovascular and renal outcomes in heart failure, irrespective of systolic blood pressure. J Am Coll Cardiol. 2021;78(13):1337–48.

PubMed  Google Scholar 

Packer M, Januzzi JL, Ferreira JP, et al. Concentration-dependent clinical and prognostic importance of high-sensitivity cardiac troponin T in heart failure and a reduced ejection fraction and the influence of empagliflozin: the EMPEROR-Reduced trial. Eur J Heart Fail. 2021;23(9):1–10.

Google Scholar 

Verma S, Dhingra NK, Butler J, et al. Empagliflozin in the treatment of heart failure with reduced ejection fraction in addition to background therapies and therapeutic combinations (EMPEROR-Reduced): a post-hoc analysis of a randomised, double-blind trial. Lancet Diabetes Endocrinol. 2022;10(1):35–45.

CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Packer M, Anker SD, Butler J, et al. Effect of Empagliflozin on the clinical stability of patients with heart failure and a reduced ejection fraction: the EMPEROR-Reduced trial. Circulation. 2021;143(4):326–36.

PubMed  Google Scholar 

Butler J, Filippatos G, Saddiqi TJ, et al. Empagliflozin, health status, and quality of life outcomes in patients with heart failure and preserved ejection fraction: the EMPEROR-Preserved trial. Circulation. 2022;145:184–93.

CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Healio. Empagliflozin beneficial in ‘true’ HFpEF with higher ejection fraction. 2021. https://www.healio.com/news/cardiology/20211115/empagliflozin-beneficial-in-true-hfpef-with-higher-ejection-fraction Accessed 1 Sep 2022.

Packer M, Butler J, Zannad F, et al. Effect of empagliflozin on worsening heart failure events in patients with