Non-invasive caries detection and delineation via novel laser-induced fluorescence with hyperspectral imaging

Tooth caries is persistent harsh diseases that could damage tooth hard tissue structure [1], [2], [3]. Early diagnosis of tooth decay could eliminate disease progression [4,5]. Caries visual inspection is the classical examination mode; alternatively such technique cannot secure early caries diagnosis [2,6,7]. On the other hand, dental radiography is accompanied with ionizing radiation; it cannot be adopted frequently in short time period [8]. Consequently, reliable, safe, and early caries diagnosis is sophisticated process [9]. The evolution of precise, economic, and programmed examination technique is an urgent demand [10]. Non-invasive automated system for early caries detection could be imperative tool to assist clinical doctors [11]. Narrative optical techniques encompass non-ionizing radiation are highly appreciated for caries detection [12]. Laser-induced fluorescence encompass interaction of visible light with main tooth elements; stimulated tooth tissues will emit light at longer wavelength offering characteristic signature based on human tooth chemical structure [13]. Proper tooth excitation with accurate capture of fluorescence signature could offer accurate caries diagnosis [14]. Consequently laser-induced fluorescence can offer high accuracy and reproducibility in precise diagnosis of initial caries lesion and stage [11].When tooth sample is stimulated with monochromatic radiation of proper power and wavelength. Incident photons can be absorbed, and re-emitted at longer wave-length [15]. The amount of reflected power, as a function of wavelength, can offer information about chemical and physical properties of tested sample [16,17]. On the other hand hyperspectral imaging can secure spectral and spatial information over UV, Vis, and IR bands (300–1600 nm) of illuminated tooth elements [18], [19], [20], [21]. It can secure high capability to collect imperative spectral information [22,23]. This study reports on novel-laser-induced fluorescence. The tested sample was illuminated with laser sources of 395 nm with power of 5 mW. High resolution hyperspectral camera, was employed to capture the reflected and fluorescence (re-emitted) light from the tested tooth sample. The employed signal can offer both spectral and spatial information to secure caries diagnosis and delineation. Analysis 2XL software was employed to convert the cubic images to one D spectral signature for human teeth (enamel, dentin, caries). The variation in fluorescence signature was recorded as function of wavelength with resolution of 5.11 nm over the band 389:1100 nm. The proper wavelength that secures high discrimination between normal and caries tissues was selected to construct 2D image. Image enhancement was performed using customized digital signal processing worksheet. Consequently image enhancement was performed using nonlinear filter. Caries delineation was performed using K-mean cluster.

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