Validity and reliability of the albanian version of the nursing professional values scale (NPVS-3)

Values refer to ideals and beliefs that govern a person's attitude and behaviors (Alabdulaziz, Cruz, Alasmee, & Almazan, 2021; Lin & Wang, 2010) and provide a basis for decision-making and action (Hosseini, Parvan, Bagherian, & Thomson, 2020; Özsoy & Donmez, 2015). Values influence individual attitudes and professional and ethical systems are built on values influenced by experience and culture (Alabdulaziz et al., 2021). Nursing is a profession based on the concept of caring, values, beliefs, and experiences on promoting health and preventing disease and health problems (Hosseini et al., 2020; Özsoy & Donmez, 2015; Poorchangizi, Borhani, Abbaszadeh, Mirzaee, & Farokhzadian, 2019). Values in nursing are those ends sought by professional and nurse-patient relationships (International Council of Nurses [ICN], 2021).

According to Weis and Schank (2017), professional values are the standards for action accepted by professional group members. They can be used to evaluate the integrity of the individual and the organization. Nursing professional values have been specifically expressed in the nursing code of ethics (American Nurses Association [ANA], 2015; ICN, 2021; Olson & Stokes, 2016), which is used to direct the nursing curriculum in higher education (Schmidt, 2016). According to Costello (2017), the professional values included in the nursing code of ethics are: autonomy, dignity, integrity, altruism, and social justice, and are the basis for professional practice (Costello, 2017).

Autonomy refers to the right to self-determination, meaning that patients have the right to make their own decisions (Beauchamp & Childress, 2019), and nurses may act independently within their scope of practice.

Human dignity refers to respect for all individuals’ inherent worth and unique attributes that nurses have to consider and have to respect in all settings and in every professional relation (ANA, 2015; Bell, 2015; ICN, 2021). Integrity refers to nurses upholding the code of ethics and accepted standards of practice. It is intrinsically linked to the ANA's (2015) Code of Ethics with Interpretive Statements and the means the profession has embraced (ANA, 2015; Costello, 2017).

Altruism refers to the concern for the welfare and well-being of others. Nurses who understand others’ cultures and beliefs can give altruistic actions (Costello, 2017). Social justice refers to fairness requiring an equitable distribution of social goods and benefits and an equally fair distribution of social burdens (ICN, 2021).

Nurse professional values provide an ethical code that constitutes the standards for practice and sets professional standards specific to nursing. Professional practice regards the ethical-legal competencies of nursing, while professionalism refers to behaviors in the workplace and is influenced by values based on culture, professional education, and nurses’ experience, reflecting values and traditions from the nurses’ culture of origin (Moon, Kim, Kim, Kim, & Lee, 2014). Nursing as a specialized job in Albania, is established by law and the deontological code of regulated professions, which is not specific for the nursing profession, and nurses and nursing students lack knowledge of the principle of ethics and its implication in practice (Podgorica, Pjetri, Müller, & Deufert, 2021; Podgorica, Zenelaj, Deufert, Ganner, & Flatscher-Thöni, 2020). This knowledge gap has consequences for nurses, patients, and society (Poorchangizi et al., 2019). Lack of understanding can lead to violations of the code of ethics, which can affect the health of patients, cause the nursing profession to be undervalued, and lead to legal action against the professional (Asare, Ansah, & Sambah, 2022; Silva et al., 2018). Therefore it is crucial to integrate the professional values in nursing education and to determine the nursing professional values of students; a professional tool that can provide an accurate assessment is needed.

The Nurses Professional Values Scale-3 (NPVS-3) is an appropriate instrument for determining the advances in nursing professional values in nursing education and practice (Weis & Schank, 2017). NPVS-3 is the updated version of NPVS and NPVS-revised. NPVS-3 was developed based on the Code of Ethics for Nurses (ANA, 2015). Although NPVS and NPVS-R had been translated and adapted in different languages, excluding Albanian, Weis and Schank (2017) recommended the cultural and linguistic adaptation of the NPVS-3 in various languages and populations. Based on the literature, the NPVS-3 had been translated and psychometrically tested among nursing students and nurses in a few countries (Alabdulaziz et al., 2021; Asiandi, Erlina, Lin, & Huang, 2021; Dellafiore et al., 2020). To our knowledge, the NPVS-3 scale has never been translated and tested in Albania. Therefore, the purpose of the present study was to establish the psychometric properties of the NPVS-3 Albanian version (NPVS-3-Al) among Albanian nursing students.

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