Volkow ND, Fowler JS. Addiction, a disease of compulsion and drive: involvement of the orbitofrontal cortex. Cereb Cortex. 2000;10:318–25.

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Zilverstand A, Huang AS, Alia-Klein N, Goldstein RZ. Neuroimaging impaired response inhibition and salience attribution in human drug addiction: a systematic review. Neuron. 2018;98:886–903.

Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Ceceli AO, Bradberry CW, Goldstein RZ. The neurobiology of drug addiction: cross-species insights into the dysfunction and recovery of the prefrontal cortex. Neuropsychopharmacol. 2022;47:276–91.

Article  Google Scholar 

Hampton WH, Hanik IM, Olson IR. Substance abuse and white matter: findings, limitations, and future of diffusion tensor imaging research. Drug Alcohol Depend. 2019;197:288–98.

Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Suchting R, Beard CL, Schmitz JM, Soder HE, Yoon JH, Hasan KM, et al. A meta‐analysis of tract‐based spatial statistics studies examining white matter integrity in cocaine use disorder. Addiction Biology. 2020;26:e12902.

Ottino-González J, Uhlmann A, Hahn S, Cao Z, Cupertino RB, Schwab N, et al. White matter microstructure differences in individuals with dependence on cocaine, methamphetamine, and nicotine: findings from the ENIGMA-Addiction working group. Drug Alcohol Depend. 2022;230:109185.

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Nutt D, King LA, Saulsbury W, Blakemore C. Development of a rational scale to assess the harm of drugs of potential misuse. Lancet. 2007;369:1047–53.

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

He Q, Li D, Turel O, Bechara A, Hser Y-I. White matter integrity alternations associated with cocaine dependence and long-term abstinence: preliminary findings. Behavioural Brain Res. 2020;379:112388.

Article  Google Scholar 

Romero MJ, Asensio S, Palau C, Sanchez A, Romero FJ. Cocaine addiction: diffusion tensor imaging study of the inferior frontal and anterior cingulate white matter. Psychiatry Res Neuroimaging. 2010;181:57–63.

Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

van Son D, Wiers RW, Catena A, Perez-Garcia M, Verdejo-García A. White matter disruptions in male cocaine polysubstance users: associations with severity of drug use and duration of abstinence. Drug Alcohol Depend. 2016;168:247–54.

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Tondo LP, Viola TW, Fries GR, Kluwe-Schiavon B, Rothmann LM, Cupertino R, et al. White matter deficits in cocaine use disorder: convergent evidence from in vivo diffusion tensor imaging and ex vivo proteomic analysis. Transl Psychiatry. 2021;11:252.

Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Bora E, Yücel M, Fornito A, Pantelis C, Harrison BJ, Cocchi L, et al. White matter microstructure in opiate addiction. Addiction Biol. 2012;17:141–8.

Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

Li W, Zhu J, Li Q, Ye J, Chen J, Liu J, et al. Brain white matter integrity in heroin addicts during methadone maintenance treatment is related to relapse propensity. Brain Behav. 2016;6:e00436.

Liu H, Li L, Hao Y, Cao D, Xu L, Rohrbaugh R, et al. Disrupted white matter integrity in heroin dependence: a controlled study utilizing diffusion tensor imaging. Am J Drug Alcohol Abus. 2007;34:562–75.

Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

Li W, Li Q, Zhu J, Qin Y, Zheng Y, Chang H, et al. White matter impairment in chronic heroin dependence: a quantitative DTI study. Brain Res. 2013;1531:58–64.

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Wang X, Yu R, Zhou X, Liao Y, Tang J, Liu T, et al. Reversible brain white matter microstructure changes in heroin addicts: a longitudinal study: reversible WM heroin addicts. Addiction Biol. 2013;18:727–8.

Article  Google Scholar 

Wollman SC, Alhassoon OM, Stern MJ, Hall MG, Rompogren J, Kimmel CL, et al. White matter abnormalities in long-term heroin users: a preliminary neuroimaging meta-analysis. Am J Drug Alcohol Abus. 2015;41:133–8.

Article  Google Scholar 

Lyoo IK, Streeter CC, Ahn KH, Lee HK, Pollack MH, Silveri MM, et al. White matter hyperintensities in subjects with cocaine and opiate dependence and healthy comparison subjects. Psychiatry Res Neuroimaging. 2004;131:135–45.

Article  Google Scholar 

Neiman J, Haapaniemi HM, Hillbom M. Neurological complications of drug abuse: pathophysiological mechanisms. Eur J Neurol. 2000;7:595–606.

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Parvaz MA, Moeller SJ, d’Oleire Uquillas F, Pflumm A, Maloney T, Alia-Klein N, et al. Prefrontal gray matter volume recovery in treatment-seeking cocaine-addicted individuals: a longitudinal study: PFC recovery after reduced use. Addiction Biol. 2016;22:1391–401.

Article  Google Scholar 

King SG, Gaudreault P-O, Malaker P, Kim J, Alia-Klein N, Xu J, et al. Microstructural impairments in a topologically distinct prefrontal-habenular connection in cocaine addiction. Neuron. 2022;S0896-6273:00816–9.

First M, Spitzer R, Gibbon M, J W. Structured clinical interview for DSM-IV axis I disorders - Patient edition (SCID-I/P, Version 2.0). New York: Biometrics Research Department New York State Psychiatric Institute; 1996.

Sheehan DV, Lecrubier Y, Sheehan KH, Amorim P, Janavs J, Weiller E, et al. The Mini-International Neuropsychiatric Interview (M.I.N.I.): the development and validation of a structured diagnostic psychiatric interview for DSM-IV and ICD-10. J Clin Psychiatry. 1998;59:22–33.

PubMed  Google Scholar 

McLellan AT, Kushner H, Metzger D, Peters R, Smith I, Grissom G, et al. The fifth edition of the addiction severity index. J Subst Abus Treat. 1992;9:199–213.

Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

Kampman KM, Volpicelli JR, Mcginnis DE, Alterman AI, Weinrieb RM, D’Angelo L, et al. Reliability and validity of the cocaine selective severity assessment. Addictive Behav. 1998;23:449–61.

Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

Gossop M. The development of a short opiate withdrawal scale (SOWS). Addictive Behav. 1990;15:487–90.

Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

Tiffany ST, Singleton E, Haertzen CA, Henningfield JE. The development of a cocaine craving questionnaire. Drug Alcohol Depend. 1993;34:19–28.

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Heinz AJ, Epstein DH, Schroeder JR, Singleton EG, Heishman SJ, Preston KL. Heroin and cocaine craving and use during treatment: measurement validation and potential relationships. J Subst Abus Treat. 2006;31:355–64.

Article  Google Scholar 

Gossop M, Griffiths P, Powis B, Strang J. Severity of dependence and route of administration of heroin, cocaine and amphetamines. Br J Addiction. 1992;87:1527–36.

Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

Heatherton TF, Kozlowski LT, Frecker RC, Fagerström KO. The Fagerström test for nicotine dependence: a revision of the Fagerström tolerance questionnaire. Br J Addict. 1991;86:1119–27.

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Wilkinson GS. Wide range achievement test 3. Wilmington, DE: Wide Range, Inc; 1993.

Wechsler D. Wechsler abbreviated scale of intelligence. San Antonio, TX: Psychological Corporation; 1999.

Beck AT, Steer RA, Garbin MG. Psychometric properties of the beck depression inventory: twenty-five years of evaluation. Clin Psychol Rev. 1988;8:77–100.

Article  Google Scholar 

Beck AT, Epstein N, Brown G, Steer RA. An inventory for measuring clinical anxiety: psychometric properties. J Consulting Clin Psychol. 1988;56:893–7.

Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

Milenkovic S, Dragovic M. Modification of the Edinburgh handedness inventory: a replication study. Laterality. 2013;18:340–8.

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Tournier JD, Smith R, Raffelt D, Tabbara R, Dhollander T, Pietsch M, et al. MRtrix3: a fast, flexible and open software framework for medical image processing and visualisation. NeuroImage. 2019;202:116137.

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Smith SM, Jenkinson M, Woolrich MW, Beckmann CF, Behrens TEJ, Johansen-Berg H, et al. Advances in functional and structural MR image analysis and implementation as FSL. NeuroImage. 2004;23:208–19.

Article  Google Scholar 

Cordero-Grande L, Christiaens D, Hutter J, Price AN, Hajnal JV. Complex diffusion-weighted image estimation via matrix recovery under general noise models. NeuroImage. 2019;200:391–404.

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Andersson JLR, Sotiropoulos SN. An integrated approach to correction for off-resonance effects and subject movement in diffusion MR imaging. NeuroImage. 2016;125:1063–78.

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Smith SM, Jenkinson M, Johansen-Berg H, Rueckert D, Nichols TE, Mackay CE, et al. Tract-based spatial statistics: voxelwise analysis of multi-subject diffusion data. NeuroImage. 2006;31:1487–505.

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Smith SM, Nichols TE. Threshold-free cluster enhancement: addressing problems of smoothing, threshold dependence and localisation in cluster inference. NeuroImage. 2009;44:83–98.

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Mori S, Oishi K, Jiang H, Jiang L, Li X, Akhter K, et al. Stereotaxic white matter atlas based on diffusion tensor imaging in an ICBM template. NeuroImage. 2008;40:570–82.

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Menzler K, Belke M, Wehrmann E, Krakow K, Lengler U, Jansen A, et al. Men and women are different: diffusion tensor imaging reveals sexual dimorphism in the microstructure of the thalamus, corpus callosum and cingulum. NeuroImage. 2011;54:2557–62.

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Takao H, Hayashi N, Ohtomo K. Sex dimorphism in the white matter: fractional anisotropy and brain size. J Magn Reson Imaging. 2014;39:917–23.

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Powell JL, Parkes L, Kemp GJ, Sluming V, Barrick TR, García-Fiñana M. The effect of sex and handedness on white matter anisotropy: A diffusion tensor magnetic resonance imaging study. Neuroscience. 2012;207:227–42.

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Rippon G, Jordan-Young R, Kaiser A, Fine C. Recommendations for sex/gender neuroimaging research: key principles and implications for research design, analysis, and interpretation. Front Hum Neurosc