*University of Alabama, Birmingham, Birmingham, AL

†Carnegie Mellon University, Pittsburgh, PA

‡RAND Corporation, Pittsburgh, PA

§RAND Corporation, Santa Monica, CA

∥Centers for Medicare & Medicaid Services, Baltimore, MD

¶RAND Corporation, Santa Monica, CA

This research was supported by a contract from the Centers for Medicare & Medicaid Services (Contract/Task Order#: GS-10F-0275P/75FCMC20F0101).

L.T. and S.G. are employees of the sponsoring agency, the Centers for Medicare & Medicaid Services.

The authors declare no conflict of interest.

Correspondence to: Marc N. Elliott, PhD, RAND Corporation, 1776 Main Street, Santa Monica, CA 90401. E-mail: [email protected].

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