Exploration of the gut microbiome in Thai patients with major depressive disorder shows a specific bacterial profile with depletion of the Ruminococcus genus as a putative biomarker.

Abstract

Maes et al. (2008) published the first paper demonstrating that major depressive disorder (MDD) is accompanied by abnormalities in the microbiota-gut-brain axis, as evidenced by elevated serum IgM/IgA to lipopolysaccharides (LPS) of Gram-negative bacteria, such as Morganella morganii and Klebsiella Pneumoniae. The latter aberrations, which point to increased gut permeability (leaky gut), are linked to activated neuro-immune and oxidative pathways in MDD. To delineate the profile and composition of the gut microbiome in Thai patients with MDD, we examined fecal samples of 32 MDD patients and 37 controls using 16S rDNA sequencing and analyzed α- (Chao and Shannon indices) and β-diversity (Bray-Curtis dissimilarity) and conducted Linear discriminant analysis (LDA) Effect Size (LEfSe) analysis. Neither α- nor β-diversity differed significantly between MDD and controls. Rhodospirillaceae, Hungatella, Clostridium bolteae, Hungatella hathewayi, and Clostridium propionicum were significantly enriched in MDD, while Gracillibacteraceae family, Lutispora, and Ruminococcus genus, Ruminococcus callidus, Desulfovibrio piger, Coprococcus comes, and Gemmiger, were enriched in controls. Contradictory results have been reported for all these taxa, with the exception of Ruminococcus which is depleted in 6 different MDD studies (one study showed increased abundance), many medical disorders that show comorbidities with MDD, and animal MDD models. Our results may suggest a specific profile of compositional gut dysbiosis in Thai MDD patients with increases in some pathobionts and depletion of some beneficial microbiota. The results suggest that depletion of Ruminococcus may be a more universal biomarker of MDD that maybe contributes to increased enteral LPS load, LPS translocation, and gut-brain axis abnormalities.

Competing Interest Statement

The authors have declared no competing interest.

Funding Statement

This research was supported by a Rachadabhisek Research Grant, Faculty of Medicine, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok, Thailand, to M.M. The sponsor had no role in the data or manuscript preparation.

Author Declarations

I confirm all relevant ethical guidelines have been followed, and any necessary IRB and/or ethics committee approvals have been obtained.

Yes

The details of the IRB/oversight body that provided approval or exemption for the research described are given below:

This study was approved by the Institutional Review Board (IRB) of Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok, Thailand (IRB no. 446/63), which complies with the International Guideline for Human Research Protection as required by the Declaration of Helsinki. Before taking part in the study, all participants and/or their caregivers provided written informed consent.

I confirm that all necessary patient/participant consent has been obtained and the appropriate institutional forms have been archived, and that any patient/participant/sample identifiers included were not known to anyone (e.g., hospital staff, patients or participants themselves) outside the research group so cannot be used to identify individuals.

Yes

I understand that all clinical trials and any other prospective interventional studies must be registered with an ICMJE-approved registry, such as ClinicalTrials.gov. I confirm that any such study reported in the manuscript has been registered and the trial registration ID is provided (note: if posting a prospective study registered retrospectively, please provide a statement in the trial ID field explaining why the study was not registered in advance).

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I have followed all appropriate research reporting guidelines and uploaded the relevant EQUATOR Network research reporting checklist(s) and other pertinent material as supplementary files, if applicable.

Yes

Data Availability

The dataset generated during and/or analyzed during the current study will be available from MM upon reasonable request and once the authors have fully exploited the dataset.

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